Table 1 Parameter estimates (± 95% confidence intervals), z- and p-values for fixed effects included in linear models relating bat activity to interval type (before, after and between train passes), controlling for effects of nightly bat pass total (total bat passes recorded during inter-train gaps per 3.5 h recording period), time since start of recording, and mean windspeed/relative humidity during the recording period. Also, variance standard deviation and p-value of random effect used to account for repeated measures within locations for the 30 s interval model (see Methods).

Fixed effects	30 s intervals			60 s intervals			120 s intervals			240 s intervals			480 s intervals
Fixed effects	Estimate	z	p	Estimate	z	p	Estimate	z	p	Estimate	z	p	Estimate	z	p
Interval category (before vs between)	0.15 ± 0.24	1.224	0.22	0.05 ± 0.25	0.43	0.67	0.05 ± 0.30	0.34	0.73	0.22 ± 0.37	1.20	0.23	0.07 ± 0.49	0.28	0.78
Interval category (after vs between)	− 0.63 ± 0.26	4.688	< 0.0001	− 0.34 ± 0.25	2.591	0.01	− 0.29 ± 0.30	1.888	0.06	− 0.26 ± 0.37	1.355	0.18	− 0.21 ± 0.48	0.83	0.41
Interval category (after vs before)	− 0.78 ± 0.26	5.80	< 0.0001	− 0.39 ± 0.25	3.00	0.003	− 0.34 ± 0.30	2.224	0.03	− 0.48 ± 0.38	2.51	0.01	− 0.27 ± 0.50	1.08	0.28
Nightly bat pass total	0.004 ± 0.001	9.305	< 0.0001	0.004 ± 0.001	10.54	< 0.0001	0.004 ± 0.001	4.00	< 0.0001	0.006 ± 0.002	7.68	< 0.0001	0.006 ± 0.003	4.38	< 0.0001
Time since start of recording	0.41 ± 0.12	6.517	< 0.0001	0.35 ± 0.12	5.615	< 0.0001	0.32 ± 0.16	3.95	< 0.0001	0.31 ± 0.22	2.834	0.005	0.16 ± 0.28	1.14	0.253
Mean windspeed	− 0.03 ± 0.04	1.047	0.30	− 0.01 ± 0.03	0.819	0.07	0.005 ± 0.04	0.228	0.82	− 0.02 ± 0.06	0.76	0.09	− 0.01 ± 0.09	0.09	0.927
Mean relative humidity	− 0.005 ± 0.01	0.60	0.55	− 0.01 ± 0.02	1.816	0.41	− 0.02 ± 0.02	1.715	0.09	− 0.02 ± 0.02	1.677	0.45	− 0.004 ± 0.01	0.93	0.35
Random effect	Variance	SD	p
Location	0.04	0.2	0.06

For the 30 s interval model, all parameters are averaged across the best fitting linear mixed-effect models (see “Methods”), except for the random effect variance, standard deviation and p-value which were extracted from the full model.

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