Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Gastrocnemius medialis contractile behavior during running differs between simulated Lunar and Martian gravities

Figure 4

Schematic and anatomical muscle–tendon unit model (a) in addition to an actual annotated ultrasound image of the gastrocnemius medialis (b). The series elastic element consists of all tendon-like elements, i.e. free tendon and aponeuroses, as shown in beige (a). The pennation angle (φ) of the muscle fascicles is defined with respect to the deep aponeurosis. Fascicle length is measured as the length following the pennation between the deep and the superficial aponeuroses (b).

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