Table 2 Post-hoc results for kinetic, spatio-temporal, kinematic, gastrocnemius medialis fascicle and series elastic element parameters while participants ran at 125% PTS at 1 g and simulated Martian and Lunar gravity.

From: Gastrocnemius medialis contractile behavior during running differs between simulated Lunar and Martian gravities

Outcomes	1 g vs. 0.32 g					1 g vs. 0.15 g					0.32 g vs. 0.15 g
Outcomes	M	SD	95% CI	P	d	M	SD	95% CI	P	d	M	SD	95% CI	P	d
Peak plantar force [N]	− 996.4	221.9	− 1227.4; − 765.3	< 0.0001	− 3.7	− 1296.6	239.5	− 1546.0; − 1047.3	< 0.0001	− 4.8	− 300.3	64.8	− 367.8; − 232.8	< 0.0001	− 1.9
Ground contact time [s]	0.08	0.03	0.05; 0.11	0.0006	1.7	0.11	0.05	0.06; 0.16	0.0008	1.9	0.03	0.03	0.01; 0.06	0.0168	0.5
Gait cycle duration [s]	0.25	0.07	0.17; 0.32	< 0.0001	3.9	0.45	0.16	0.29; 0.62	0.0002	3.4	0.21	0.14	0.06; 0.36	0.0116	1.5
Cadence [steps min⁻¹]	− 21.0	5.6	− 26.9; − 15.1	< 0.0001	− 3.9	− 31.2	6.7	− 38.2; − 24.3	< 0.0001	− 4.7	− 10.3	5.2	− 15.7; − 4.9	0.0020	− 1.6
Stride length [m]	− 0.2 (0.2)			0.0733	− 1.4	− 0.1 (0.3)			0.0733	− 0.8	− 0.01 (0.2)			> 0.9999	0.1
Ankle joint angle at peak SEE length [°]	− 7.9	3.3	− 11.3; − 4.5	0.0006	− 1.6	− 13.7	4.9	− 18.9; − 8.6	0.0003	− 3.0	− 5.8	3.6	− 9.5; − 2.1	0.0063	− 1.3
Knee joint angle at peak SEE length [°]	− 7.3	4.9	− 12.4; − 2.2	0.0096	− 1.2	− 13.9	7.3	− 21.4; − 6.3	0.0026	− 2.7	− 6.5	4.7	− 11.4; − 1.6	0.0138	− 1.4
Fascicle length at peak SEE length [mm]	5.4	1.5	3.9; 7.0	< 0.0001	0.9	8.1	3.8	4.2; 12.1	0.0013	1.4	2.7	2.9	− 0.3; 5.8	0.0758	0.5
Pennation angle at peak SEE length [°]	− 3.7	2.3	− 6.1; − 1.2	0.0073	− 0.8	− 5.2	2.9	− 8.2; − 2.1	0.0039	− 1.1	− 1.5	1.5	− 3.1; 0.1	0.0630	− 0.4
Fascicle velocity at peak SEE length [mm s− ¹]	− 25.2 (25.6)			0.0081	1.4	− 3.3 (17.6)			>0 .9999	0.3	13.8 (24.9)			0.0081	− 0.9
Peak SEE length [mm]	− 11.2	3.8	− 15.1; − 7.3	0.0002	− 0.5	− 17.7	6.7	− 24.6; − 10.7	0.0003	− 0.8	− 6.5	4.8	− 11.5; − 1.4	0.0165	− 0.3
Time of peak SEE length [% Stance]	− 0.5 (11.3)				0.5	2.5 (7.0)				0.2	1.0 (7.0)				− 0.3
MTU length at peak SEE length [mm]	− 5.2	2.5	− 7.8; − 2.6	0.0016	− 0.3	− 8.6	3.7	− 12.5; − 4.8	0.0008	− 0.4	− 3.5	2.8	− 6.4; − 0.6	0.0226	− 0.2
MTU elongation [mm]	− 6.0	2.3	− 8.3; − 3.6	0.0004	− 1.9	− 7.7	3.2	− 11.0; − 4.3	0.0007	− 2.8	− 1.7	2.0	− 3.8; 0.4	0.1051	− 0.6
Fascicle shortening (during SEE elongation) [mm]	− 1.3	2.1	− 3.5; 0.8	0.2305	− 0.4	− 4.4	2.2	− 6.7; − 2.1	0.0022	− 1.3	− 3.1	2.2	− 5.3; − 0.8	0.0124	− 1.0
Delta pennation angle (during SEE elongation) [°]	− 2.3	2.0	− 4.5; − 0.2	0.0342	− 0.9	− 4.0	2.4	− 6.5; − 1.5	0.0057	− 1.6	− 1.6	1.2	− 2.9; − 0.4	0.0156	− 1.1
Average fascicle velocity (during SEE elongation) [mm s− ¹]	32.3	13.8	18.0; 46.7	0.0008	− 1.8	52.3	12.7	39.1; 65.5	< 0.0001	− 3.1	20.0	9.4	10.2; 29.8	0.0014	− 1.6

PTS preferred walk-to-run transition speed; M mean; SD standard deviation; CI Confidence Interval; P result of the post-hoc test indicating a significant effect between conditions (α set to 0.05); d effect size (Cohen’s d) for the post-hoc test. Results of the Friedman test are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). Peak SEE length at 1 g and simulated 0.32 g (Mars), and 0.15 g (Moon) occurred at 52% ± 8%, 54% ± 4% and 53% ± 5% of stance, respectively. n = 8.

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Table 2 Post-hoc results for kinetic, spatio-temporal, kinematic, gastrocnemius medialis fascicle and series elastic element parameters while participants ran at 125% PTS at 1 g and simulated Martian and Lunar gravity.

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