Table 3 Altered metabolites between healthy participants from United Kingdom (n = 22) and Thailand (n = 20).

m/z	RT	Tentative assignment	Adduct	VIP	Trend in UK-Healthy	p-value^‡	FC	Identification^†
144.102	0.58	Proline betaine	M + H	17	↑	< 0.001	4.86	b
160.133	0.70	Unknown		5.1	↑	< 0.001	3.63	d
229.155	0.99	Isoleucyl proline	M + H	10.4	↓	< 0.001	1.81	b
137.046	1.11	Hypoxanthine	M + H	6.1	↓	0.003	1.55	b
166.073	1.17	7-Methylguanine	M + H	4.1	↑	NS	1.35	b
167.057	2.38	7-Methylxanthine	M + H	5.3	↑	< 0.001	5.84	b
180.088	2.88	Fructosamine	M + H	4.3	↓	0.006	1.44	b
126.092	3.01	Unknown		6.4	↓	< 0.001	2.58	d
181.073	3.18	Paraxanthine	M + H	4.7	↑	NS	2.01	b
105.033	3.82	Hippurate	M + H	3.9	↑	NS	1.2	a
287.207	4.93	Acylcarnitine (C8:1)	M + H	7	↑	< 0.001	7.74	b
312.217	5.17	2-trans,4-cis-Decadienoylcarnitine	M + H	5.2	↑	NS	3.62	b
310.202	5.35	Acylcarnitine (C10:3)	M + H	11.2	↑	< 0.001	6.81	b
314.233	5.78	Decenoylcarnitine (C10:1)	M + H	5.3	↑	0.021	2.18	b
243.061	0.85	Uridine/pseudouridine	M-H	3.8	↓	< 0.001	− 1.58	b
191.018	0.96	Isocitrate	M-H	8.0	↑	NS	1.25	b
191.018	1.07	Citrate	M-H	7.1	↑	NS	1.42	a
188.001	1.61	2-aminophenol sulfate	M-H	3.9	↑	< 0.001	8.19	b
194.045	3.17	N-Salicyluric acid	M-H	4.2	↓	NS	− 1.48	c
181.049	3.29	Dihydrocaffeic acid	M-H	4.7	↓	NS	− 1.92	b
261.006	3.65	Dihydrocaffeic acid-3-O-sulfate	M-H	4.8	↓	NS	− 4.34	b
263.102	3.84	Phenylacetylglutamine	M-H	4.3	↑	NS	1.16	b
245.012	3.93	Vanillin 4-sulfate	M-H	6.1	↓	NS	− 2.59	b
287.022	4.14	DHPV O-sulfate	M-H	4.8	↑	NS	1.73	b
345.154	4.89	Steroid glucuronide		3.7	↑	NS	3.33	c
269.149	4.91	Unknown		6.7	↑	< 0.001	3.89	c
329.16	5.63	Steroid glucuronide		3.6	↓	0.012	− 6.50	c
367.157	6.48	Unidentified steroid		5.1	↑	NS	4.75	c

FC fold change; m/z mass–charge ratio; RT retention time; VIP variable importance in projection score ^†Level of metabolite identification: (a) identified compound; (b) putatively annotated compound; (c) putatively characterised compound class;
and (d) unknown ^‡False discovery rate (FDR) adjusted p-value (or q-value).

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