Table 3 Overall and subgroup exercise effects on MQ derived from neuromuscular outcomes in older adults.

Overall effect

14

538

0.59 (0.33 to 0.85)

51%

Without outlier

13

482

0.49 (0.29 to 0.69)

11%

Risk of bias

Low risk of bias^†

1

24

0.30 (− 1.11 to 0.51)

–

Some concerns or high risk of bias

13

514

0.64 (0.39 to 0.89)

45%

Population

Physically healthy

10

367

0.43 (0.21 to 0.64)

0%

Overweight/ Obese

2

73

0.79 (− 0.10 to 1.68)

67%

Moderate functional capacity^†

1

42

0.72 (0.10 to 1.35)

–

Sarcopenic obesity^†

1

56

1.69 (1.07 to 2.32)

–

Intervention delivery

Supervised

13

492

0.61 (0.33 to 0.89)

54%

Unsupervised

–

–

− 

–

Intervention modality

Resistance exercise

10

353

0.64 (0.27 to 1.01)

63%

Resistance exercise + nutrition^†

1

28

0.44 (− 0.32 to 1.20)

–

Aerobic exercise^†

1

22

0.19 (− 0.65 to 1.03)

–

Aerobic exercise + nutrition^†

1

21

0.57 (− 0.31 to 1.45)

–

Combined resistance and aerobic exercise^†

1

49

0.33 (− 0.24 to 0.91)

–

Combined resistance and aerobic exercise + caloric restriction^†

1

46

0.38 (− 0.21 to 0.97)

–

Multimodal exercise program^†

1

42

0.72 (0.10 to 1.35)

–

Assessment methods—knee extensors

1-RM/DXA

3

111

0.65 (0.26 to 1.05)

0%

1-RM/CT^†

1

27

1.30 (0.45 to 2.14)

–

1-RM/US^†

1

36

0.07 (− 0.58 to 0.72)

–

Isokinetic/DXA

5

195

0.48 (0.19 to 0.78)

0%

Isokinetic/CT

2

91

0.42 (− 0.16 to 0.99)

46%

Isometric/DXA^†

1

56

1.69 (1.07 to 2.32)

–

Isometric/CT^†

1

49

0.30 (− 0.27 to 0.87)

–

Isometric/BIA^†

1

36

0.09 (− 0.58 to 0.76)

–

Assessment methods—plantar flexors

30° sec⁻¹/US^†

1

24

− 0.46 (− 1.27 to 0.35)

–

Isometric/US^†

1

24

0.00 (− 0.80 to 0.80)

–