Table 1 Demographic data, social interaction, and mental health conditions by the current residential types 5 years after the GEJE.

From: Impact of type of reconstructed residence on social participation and mental health of population displaced by disasters

 

Type of the current reconstructed residence

p-value

Did not move

Public condominium

Mass-translocation to higher ground

Privately moving to remote areas

Number of participants, n

361

118

289

303

-

Male/Female, n

177 / 184

50 / 68

126 / 163

138 / 165

0.4493

Age* (years)

54.4 ± 17.9 years

56.3 ± 17.8 years

52.5 ± 18.3 years

54.1 ± 17.7 years

0.2511

Number of people per household, n

3 (2–5)

2 (2–3)

4 (3–6)

4 (3–5)

 < 0.0001

Current employment, n (%)

216/361 (59.8%)

51/118 (43.2%)

167/289 (57.8%)

163/303 (53.8%)

0.0123

Decreased income after GEJE, n (%)

77/226 (34.1%)

26/55 (47.3%)

58/175 (33.1%)

63/166 (38.0%)

0.2316

History of living in prefabricated temporary housing, n (%)

119/282 (42.2%)

97/106 (91.5%)

208/262 (79.4%)

158/261 (60.5%)

 < 0.0001

Scores and abnormal rates of mental health-related self-reported questionnaires

LSNS-6*

15.2 ± 5.8

12.7 ± 5.4

15.7 ± 5.6

15.1 ± 5.6

 < 0.0001

LSNS-6 score < 12, n (%)

90/356 (25.3%)

47/112 (42.0%)

65/283 (23.0%)

75/297 (25.3%)

0.0011

K6

2 (0–6)

4 (0–7)

2 (0–6)

2 (0–6)

0.0345

K6 score ≥ 13, n (%)

8/345 (2.3%)

8/114 (7.2%)

12/280 (4.3%)

13/293 (4.4%)

0.1398

CES-D*

13.0 ± 7.3

17.0 ± 9.1

12.7 ± 8.2

12.5 ± 8.2

 < 0.0001

CES-D score ≥ 16, n (%)

78/272 (28.7%)

36/86 (41.9%)

58/217 (26.7%)

61/224 (27.2%)

0.0510

IES-R

10 (2–21.5)

12.5 (4–28)

8 (2–21)

8 (2–18)

0.0281

(Intrusion)

3 (1–8)

4 (1–10)

3 (0–7)

2 (0–7)

0.0225

(Avoidance)

4 (0–8)

4 (1–10)

3 (0–8)

3 (0–8)

0.0249

(Hyperarousal)

3 (0–6)

4 (1–7)

2 (0–6)

2 (0–5)

0.0150

IES-R score ≥ 25, n (%)

58/323 (18.0%)

30/110 (27.3%)

45/260 (17.3%)

44/278 (15.8%)

0.0636

AIS*

4.1 ± 3.6

4.3 ± 4.0

3.9 ± 3.5

3.9 ± 3.4

0.7572

AIS score ≥ 6, n (%)

101/353 (28.6%)

35/110 (31.8%)

85/281 (30.2%)

83/297 (27.9%)

0.8497

  1. The p-values are the results of the analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test, or chi-square test.
  2. AIS Athens Insomnia Scale, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, GEJE 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, IES-R Impact of Event Scale-Revised, K6 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, LSNS-6 Lubben Social Network Scale.
  3. *Mean ± standard deviation.
  4. Median and interquartile range (25–75 percentile).
  5. Significantly higher or lower in the post-hoc test.