Figure 3.

Global transcriptomic differences in the livers from control mice on Earth (GC), mice under artificial earth gravity in space (A1G), and mice under microgravity in space (MG). (a) Venn diagram representing the number of significant differentially expressed genes. The number of overlapping regions means significant differentially expressed genes in common. For example, the number of overlapping regions of “A1G vs. GC” and “MG vs. GC” was 150, indicating that 150 genes were significantly differentially expressed between not only A1G and GC, but also MG and GC. (b) Volcano plot showing the log2 scaled fold change (x-axis) and the minus log10 p-value (y-axis) of each gene in the differential expression analysis. Genes with a significant expression change are highlighted as red dots. Prominent transcripts are labelled by GeneSymbol. (c) Heatmap showing the gene expression values (normalized as transcripts per millions) of selected genes in each sample, significantly differentially expressed between any two groups. Red and blue color intensity correlates with relative signal abundance of selected genes. (d) Principal component analysis (PCA) plot, which shows the two first PCs (principal components) values of each sample. Differentially expressed genes were detected by means of DESeq2³⁷ cloud using a Wald test, a parametric fit type, and setting an adjusted p-value cutoff of 0.05 (n = 3 each). Analysis was conducted in R³¹.