Table 1 Temporal associations between the proportion of resistance to antibiotics in children aged 1–3 years old and that of animals, household water, source drinking water and wastewater within the same community.

From: Trends, relationships and case attribution of antibiotic resistance between children and environmental sources in rural India

Antibiotics

Animal

Household water

Source drinking water

Wastewater

Regression coefficient (95% CI)

p-value

Regression coefficient (95% CI)

p-value

Regression coefficient (95% CI)

p-value

Regression coefficient (95% CI)

p-value

Ampicillin

58.70 (44.96 to 72.43)

0.000

66.26 (57.88 to 74.63)

0.000

72.54 (60.14 to 84.93)

0.000

64.89 (51.23 to 78.54)

0.000

Cefotaxime

6.41 (−126.60 to 139.43)

0.906

120.33 (101.43 to 139.23)

0.000

−3.58 (−58.07 to 50.91)

0.872

22.25 (39.65 to −4.84)

0.022

Ceftazidime

−6.15 (−129.58 to 117.29)

0.903

225.84 (−180.89 to 632.57)

0.213

−6.36 (−65.19 to 52.47)

0.792

−13.05 (−31.69 to 5.59)

0.132

Cefepime

245.82 (−54.20 to 545.83)

0.089

163.14 (62.10 to 264.18)

0.009

56.75 (−30.59 to 144.09)

0.156

56.45 (−15.65 to 128.55)

0.100

Nalidixic acid

71.50 (133.68 to −9.32)

0.032

63.50 (−20.52 to 147.52)

0.110

6.26 (−23.51 to 36.03)

0.612

4.74 (−30.78 to 40.27)

0.745

Ciprofloxacin

−106.28 (−232.01 to 19.44)

0.082

56.94 (−3.33 to 117.20)

0.059

−4.35 (−106.35 to 97.85)

0.919

−11.35 (63.92 to 41.23)

0.603

Nitrofurantoin

15.03 (−36.95 to 67.01)

0.491

31.88 (−17.64 to 81.40)

0.159

−4.63 (−27.56 to 18.30)

0.626

−1.56 (−91.20 to 88.08)

0.966

Gentamicin

19.42 (−85.78 to 124.62)

0.655

11.19 (−58.84 to 81.22)

0.698

2.20 (−14.98 to 19.38)

0.755

34.24 (−32.53 to 101.01)

0.245

Amikacin

48.48 (−38.95 to 135.91)

0.213

29.86 (−45.76 to  105.49)

0.357

2.61 (−11.13 to 16.35)

0.646

5.71 (−117.25 to 128.68)

0.910

Tetracycline

−21.36 (−122.28 to 79.56)

0.610

93.49 (0.55 to 186.44)

0.049

4.72 (−15.15 to 24.58)

0.568

41.35 (−18.82 to 101.53)

0.138

Tigecycline

−5.34 (−28.67 to 17.99)

0.582

−17.43 (−50.08 to 15.22)

0.228

0.91 (−2.99 to 4.82)

0.573

8.40 (0.43 to 16.36)

0.042

Imipenem

66.52 (21.81 to  111.22)

0.012

111.20 (104.51 to 117.89)

0.000

60.74 (37.91 to 83.58)

0.001

81.03 (32.79 to 129.27)

0.008

Meropenem

−217.62 (−471.84 to 36.59)

0.079

121.83 (−104.19 to 347.85)

0.224

1.37 (−29.15 to 31.89)

0.913

18.08 (−16.52 to 52.67)

0.237

Co- trimoxazole

−80.23 (−240.44 to 79.98)

0.254

96.96 (−21.64 to 215.57)

0.090

−26.31 (−103.57 to 50.95)

0.421

61.37 (107.95 to −15.80)

0.020

Sulphamethiazole

−36.31 (−97.60 to 24.97)

0.188

112.84 (19.15 to 206.53)

0.027

−19.14 (−57.11 to 18.83)

0.252

−15.48 (−47.64 to 16.67)

0.271

Colistin

N/A (N/A)

N/A

−4.72 (−55.54 to 46.09)

0.447

N/A (N/A)

N/A

N/A (N/A)

N/A

ESBL

−63.78 (−204.33 to 76.78)

0.296

201.07 (123.72 to 278.41)

0.001

15.58 (−35.07 to 66.22)

0.465

−10.85 (−47.29 to 25.60)

0.479

MDR

−35.11 (−164.73 to 94.50)

0.517

118.45 (9.42 to 227.49)

0.038

−26.92 (−58.58 to 4.75)

0.081

−35.87 (78.26 to 6.53)

0.082

  1. ESBL extended spectrum beta lactamase, MDR multi drug resistant.
  2. Bold text indicates statistical significance (p-value <0.05).