Table 1 Temporal associations between the proportion of resistance to antibiotics in children aged 1–3 years old and that of animals, household water, source drinking water and wastewater within the same community.
Antibiotics | Animal | Household water | Source drinking water | Wastewater | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | Regression coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | Regression coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | Regression coefficient (95% CI) | p-value | |
Ampicillin | 58.70 (44.96 to 72.43) | 0.000 | 66.26 (57.88 to 74.63) | 0.000 | 72.54 (60.14 to 84.93) | 0.000 | 64.89 (51.23 to 78.54) | 0.000 |
Cefotaxime | 6.41 (−126.60 to 139.43) | 0.906 | 120.33 (101.43 to 139.23) | 0.000 | −3.58 (−58.07 to 50.91) | 0.872 | −22.25 (−39.65 to −4.84) | 0.022 |
Ceftazidime | −6.15 (−129.58 to 117.29) | 0.903 | 225.84 (−180.89 to 632.57) | 0.213 | −6.36 (−65.19 to 52.47) | 0.792 | −13.05 (−31.69 to 5.59) | 0.132 |
Cefepime | 245.82 (−54.20 to 545.83) | 0.089 | 163.14 (62.10 to 264.18) | 0.009 | 56.75 (−30.59 to 144.09) | 0.156 | 56.45 (−15.65 to 128.55) | 0.100 |
Nalidixic acid | −71.50 (−133.68 to −9.32) | 0.032 | 63.50 (−20.52 to 147.52) | 0.110 | 6.26 (−23.51 to 36.03) | 0.612 | 4.74 (−30.78 to 40.27) | 0.745 |
Ciprofloxacin | −106.28 (−232.01 to 19.44) | 0.082 | 56.94 (−3.33 to 117.20) | 0.059 | −4.35 (−106.35 to 97.85) | 0.919 | −11.35 (63.92 to 41.23) | 0.603 |
Nitrofurantoin | 15.03 (−36.95 to 67.01) | 0.491 | 31.88 (−17.64 to 81.40) | 0.159 | −4.63 (−27.56 to 18.30) | 0.626 | −1.56 (−91.20 to 88.08) | 0.966 |
Gentamicin | 19.42 (−85.78 to 124.62) | 0.655 | 11.19 (−58.84 to 81.22) | 0.698 | 2.20 (−14.98 to 19.38) | 0.755 | 34.24 (−32.53 to 101.01) | 0.245 |
Amikacin | 48.48 (−38.95 to 135.91) | 0.213 | 29.86 (−45.76 to 105.49) | 0.357 | 2.61 (−11.13 to 16.35) | 0.646 | 5.71 (−117.25 to 128.68) | 0.910 |
Tetracycline | −21.36 (−122.28 to 79.56) | 0.610 | 93.49 (0.55 to 186.44) | 0.049 | 4.72 (−15.15 to 24.58) | 0.568 | 41.35 (−18.82 to 101.53) | 0.138 |
Tigecycline | −5.34 (−28.67 to 17.99) | 0.582 | −17.43 (−50.08 to 15.22) | 0.228 | 0.91 (−2.99 to 4.82) | 0.573 | 8.40 (0.43 to 16.36) | 0.042 |
Imipenem | 66.52 (21.81 to 111.22) | 0.012 | 111.20 (104.51 to 117.89) | 0.000 | 60.74 (37.91 to 83.58) | 0.001 | 81.03 (32.79 to 129.27) | 0.008 |
Meropenem | −217.62 (−471.84 to 36.59) | 0.079 | 121.83 (−104.19 to 347.85) | 0.224 | 1.37 (−29.15 to 31.89) | 0.913 | 18.08 (−16.52 to 52.67) | 0.237 |
Co- trimoxazole | −80.23 (−240.44 to 79.98) | 0.254 | 96.96 (−21.64 to 215.57) | 0.090 | −26.31 (−103.57 to 50.95) | 0.421 | −61.37 (−107.95 to −15.80) | 0.020 |
Sulphamethiazole | −36.31 (−97.60 to 24.97) | 0.188 | 112.84 (19.15 to 206.53) | 0.027 | −19.14 (−57.11 to 18.83) | 0.252 | −15.48 (−47.64 to 16.67) | 0.271 |
Colistin | N/A (N/A) | N/A | −4.72 (−55.54 to 46.09) | 0.447 | N/A (N/A) | N/A | N/A (N/A) | N/A |
ESBL | −63.78 (−204.33 to 76.78) | 0.296 | 201.07 (123.72 to 278.41) | 0.001 | 15.58 (−35.07 to 66.22) | 0.465 | −10.85 (−47.29 to 25.60) | 0.479 |
MDR | −35.11 (−164.73 to 94.50) | 0.517 | 118.45 (9.42 to 227.49) | 0.038 | −26.92 (−58.58 to 4.75) | 0.081 | −35.87 (78.26 to 6.53) | 0.082 |