Table 2 Demographic characteristics and selected risk factors of the study participants across tertiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI scores.

From: Adherence to plant-based dietary patterns in relation to glioma: a case–control study

 

Tertiles of PDI

Tertiles of hPDI

Tertiles of uPDI

T1 < 52

52 < T2 < 57

T3 > 57

P*

T1 < 51

51 < T2 < 56

T3 > 56

P*

T1 < 51

51 < T2 < 57

T3 > 57

P*

Participants (n)

139

112

133

 

125

132

127

 

135

127

122

 

Age (years)

43.9 ± 14

43.1 ± 14

41.9 ± 12

0.50

39 ± 15

43.4 ± 13d

46.4 ± 11

 < 0.001

42.1 ± 13

44.4 ± 14

42.4 ± 13

0.35

BMI (kg m−2)

26.4 ± 4.2

25.9 ± 4.0

26.1 ± 3.6

0.57

25.9 ± 4.1

26.6 ± 4.2

25.8 ± 3.6

0.24

26.4 ± 3.7

26.1 ± 4.1

25.9 ± 4.0

0.50

Duration of cell phone use (years)

3.4 ± 2.6

3.4 ± 2.8

3.3 ± 2.7

0.97

3.9 ± 2.8

3.4 ± 2.4

2.9 ± 2.7d

0.006

4.1 ± 3.1

3.0 ± 2.3d

3.0 ± 2.4d

0.002

Females (%)

41.7

42.9

40.6

0.93

27.2

35.6

62.2

 < 0.001

40.7

41.7

42.6

0.95

Married (%)

77.7

76.8

84.2

0.45

75.2

76.5

87.4

0.02

85.2

71.7

82

0.01

High-risk joba (%)

4.3

7.1

4.5

0.55

4

12

4

0.04

3

5

12

0.02

High-risk residential areab (%)

20.1

24.1

29.3

0.21

25.6

28.8

18.9

0.17

30.4

19.7

23

0.12

History of exposure to the radiographic X-ray (%)

7.2

14.3

9.8

0.18

13.6

6.1

11

0.12

9.6

12.6

8.2

0.50

History of dental photography (%)

57.6

58

48.9

0.25

52.8

55.3

55.9

0.87

59.3

49.6

54.9

0.29

History of head trauma (%)

26.6

34.8

40.6

0.05

36

31.8

33.9

0.77

35.6

33.1

32.8

0.87

Smoking status (yes) (%)

20.9

24.1

21.1

0.79

35.2

19.7

11

 < 0.001

20

20.5

25.4

0.52

Supplement use (%)

14.4

13.4

11.3

0.74

13.6

9.1

16.5

0.20

18.5

13.4

6.6

0.02

Personal hair dye use (%)

36

27.7

39.1

0.16

20.8

32.6

50.4

 < 0.001

41.5

32.3

29.5

0.10

Exposure to chemicals (%)

7.2

14.3

19.5

0.01

16

15.2

9.4

0.25

14.1

8.7

18

0.09

Family history of glioma (%)

12.2

6.3

11.3

0.26

14.4

9.8

6.3

0.10

8.9

7.1

14.8

0.11

Family history of cancer (%)

30.9

32.1

37.6

0.47

34.4

31.8

34.6

0.86

38.5

36.2

25.4

0.06

Frequent fried food intakec (%)

86.3

81.3

78.9

0.26

91.2

84.1

71.7

 < 0.001

78.5

85

83.6

0.34

Frequent microwave usec (%)

15.8

16.1

14.3

0.91

19.2

16.7

10.2

0.12

26.7

10.2

8.2

 < 0.001

Frequent canned foods intakec (%)

5

4.5

8.3

0.38

7.2

7.6

3.1

0.25

8.1

7.1

2.5

0.13

Physical activity (METs)

34.1 ± 5.2

34.5 ± 6.2

33.8 ± 5.9

0.68

34.3 ± 6.1

33.5 ± 5.8

34.5 ± 5.4

0.33

34 ± 5.6

33.2 ± 5.5

35.2 ± 6.1e

0.03

  1. PDI overall plant-based diet index, hPDI healthy plant-based diet index, uPDI unhealthy plant-based diet index, MET metabolic equivalents.
  2. All values are mean ± SD or percent.
  3. aFarmers were considered as having a high-risk occupation.
  4. bSubjects who lived in places nearby electromagnetic fields and cell phone and broadcast antennas in the last 10 years were considered as living in high-risk areas.
  5. cSubjects who consumed fried food, microwave and canned foods at least twice per week were considered as frequent users.
  6. *Obtained from ANOVA with Bonferroni correction or Chi-square test, where appropriate.
  7. dSignificant compared with T1.
  8. eSignificant compared with T2.
Back to article page