Table 2 Factors associated with risk of sarcopenia estimated by univariate ordinal logistic regression analysis (Nā=ā390).
From: Sarcopenia risk and associated factors among Chinese community-dwelling older adults living alone
| Ā | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||
Age (per 10Ā years) | 1.89 (1.42, 2.50) | ā<ā0.001 |
Sex | ||
Ā Male (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Female | 0.95 (0.64, 1.40) | 0.788 |
Marital status | Ā | |
Ā Single/divorced/separated/ widowed (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Married/cohabited | 0.85 (0.53, 1.37) | 0.508 |
Educational level | ||
Ā No formal education (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Primary school | 0.61 (0.38, 0.98) | 0.040 |
Ā Secondary school or above | 0.43 (0.25, 0.71) | 0.001 |
Employment status | ||
Ā Retired (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Unemployed | 1.33 (0.41, 4.30) | 0.633 |
Ā Have part-time/full-time job | 1.70 (0.30, 9.51) | 0.549 |
Monthly household income (HK$) | ||
Ā <ā6000 (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā ā„ā6000 | 3.05 (0.83, 11.16) | 0.092 |
Received CSSAa | ||
Ā No (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Yes | 1.26 (0.84, 1.89) | 0.267 |
Health status | ||
Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 0.071 |
History of hypertension, n (%) | ||
Ā No (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Yes | 0.14 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.068 |
History of diabetes, n (%) | ||
Ā No (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Yes | 1.10 (0.72, 1.69) | 0.668 |
Visual impairment, n (%) | ||
Ā No (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā A little | 1.05 (0.67, 1.63) | 0.843 |
Ā A lot | 2.43 (1.43, 4.13) | 0.001 |
Hearing impairment, n (%) | ||
Ā Clear (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Fair | 1.30 (0.82, 2.06) | 0.264 |
Ā Unclear | 2.55 (1.32, 4.91) | 0.005 |
Use of denture | ||
Ā No (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Yes | 1.04 (0.69, 1.57) | 0.846 |
Difficulty in chewing food, n (%) | ||
Ā No (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Yes | 1.55 (1.03, 2.33) | 0.036 |
Appetite, n (%) | ||
Ā Good (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Fair | 1.63 (1.08, 2.47) | 0.020 |
Ā Bad | 1.15 (0.45, 2.94) | 0.764 |
Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) | Ā | |
Ā Normal (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Underweight (ā¤ 18.5) | 5.22 (1.17, 23.41) | 0.031 |
Ā Overweight (24.0ā27.9) | 0.38 (0.21, 0.67) | 0.001 |
Ā Obese (ā„ 28.0) | 0.30 (0.19, 0.49) | ā<ā0.001 |
Health behaviors and lifestyle characteristics | ||
Smoking status | ||
Ā Non-smoker (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Ex-smoker | 0.64 (0.38, 1.09) | 0.097 |
Ā Current smoker | 1.04 (0.55, 1.96) | 0.896 |
Drinking status | ||
Ā Non-drinker (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Ex-drinker | 1.04 (0.57, 1.93) | 0.889 |
Ā Current drinker | 0.78 (0.41, 1.49) | 0.463 |
Level of physical activity | ||
Ā Low (ref) | 1 | Ā |
Ā Moderate | 0.79 (0.41, 1.49) | 0.463 |
Ā High | 0.49 (0.24, 0.97) | 0.040 |
Dietary intake: below recommendation of the dietary guidelines | ||
Ā Grains (3 to 5 bowls per day) | 0.82 (0.54, 1.23) | 0.337 |
Ā Vegetables (at least 3 servings per day) | 0.91 (0.53, 1.55) | 0.730 |
Ā Fruits (at least 2 servings per day) | 0.85 (0.55, 1.32) | 0.479 |
Ā Meats (5 to 6 taels per day) | 0.30 (0.69, 1.63) | 0.401 |
Ā Milk (1 to 2 glass per day) | 1.16 (0.70, 1.92) | 0.570 |
Nutritional status | ||
Normal (ref) | 1 | Ā |
At risk or malnourished | 3.82 (2.29, 6.35) | ā<ā0.001 |
Depressive symptoms | 0.73 (0.43, 1.23) | 0.251 |
