Figure 1
In a typical experiment, a cuvette filled with a nanoparticle sludge and hosting a hydrogen probe panel (a) was irradiated with a short and wide ribbon beam of monochromatic x-rays, approximately 1 mm below the tip of the probe, as illustrated in panel (b). The hydrogen probe signal was used to determine the radiolytic hydrogen yield and hydrogen diffusivity in the sludge, shown in panel (c: the red region indicates when the sample was irradiated. Over many irradiations, the hydrogen yield decreased to a lower rate, as depicted in panel (d) and indicated with the envelope curve. This decrease indicates radiolytic consumption, which we quantify in this paper. In a separate experiment, the sample was instead irradiated with an intense white beam from the B16 bending magnet source. A 2 mm \(\times\) 2 mm x-ray image from the white beam irradiation, panel (e), shows the formation of bubbles. Figure made with plots plotted with matplotlib55 and an image processed by FIJI56.
