Table 2 Subgroup analyses for mean pitch difference between ASD and TD groups. The elicitation tasks and the age of participants were confounding factors.

From: Distinctive prosodic features of people with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

 

Pooled SMD

Heterogeneity (%)

p-value

Confounding factor

Task type

 Narration

 − 0.41 (95% CI [− 0.77, − 0.05])

23.00

0.268

 Conversation

 − 0.28 (95% CI [− 0.85, 0.29])

80.70

 < 0.001

 Focus

 − 0.79 (95% CI [− 1.26, − 0.05])

0.00

0.915

 Cry

 − 0.58 (95% CI [− 2.48, 1.31])

71.7

0.029

Age of ASD participants

 Infancy (age ≤ 2)

 − 0.58 (95% CI [− 2.48, 1.31])

85.70

0.008

 Childhood (age: 2–11)

 − 0.30 (95% CI [− 0.76, 0.15])

63.1

0.019

 Adolescence (age: 12–18)

 − 0.14 (95% CI [− 0.49, 0.21])

0.00

0.718

 Adulthood (age > 20)

 − 0.94 (95% CI [− 1.36, − 0.52])

40.70

0.185

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