Table 6 Subgroup analyses for voice intensity difference between ASD and TD groups. The elicitation tasks and the age of participants were confounding factors.

From: Distinctive prosodic features of people with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

 

Pooled SMD

Heterogeneity (%)

p-value

Confounding factor

Task type

 

 Narration

Only one study was available

 Conversation

 − 0.07 [− 0.94, 0.8]

90.6

 < 0.001

 Focus

 − 0.24 [− 0.85, 0.38]

57.2

0.097

 Cry

 − 0.19 [− 0.56, 0.18]

0.0

0.926

Age of ASD participants

 Infancy (age ≤ 2)

 − 0.34 [− 0.7, 0.02]

13.7

0.327

 Childhood (age: 2–11)

0.29 [− 0.53, 1.1]

85.8

 < 0.001

 Adolescence (age: 12–18)

Only one study was available

 Adulthood (age > 20)

0.27 [− 0.93, 1.47]

86.4

 < 0.001

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