Table 4 Association of respiratory symptoms, DLCO, ground glass opacities, and irreversible CT-findings, with clinical and demographic characteristics during hospital admission.

From: Persistent pulmonary pathology after COVID-19 is associated with high viral load, weak antibody response, and high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9

 

Respiratory symptoms (CAT-score ≥ 10)#

DLCO (% of predicted)#

GGO (> 10% in ≥ 1 lung zone)#

Irreversible CT findings (yes vs no)#

Coefficient estimate (95% CI)

Coefficient estimate (95% CI)

Coefficient estimate (95% CI)

Coefficient estimate (95% CI)

Female

 − 0.30 (− 1.23, 0.59)

 − 1.11 (− 8.05, 5.83)

 − 1.56 (− 3.21, − 0.24)*

 − 0.95 (− 1.90, − 0.04)*

Age

 − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.01)

 − 0.40 (− 0.65, − 0.16)**

0.07 (0.02, 0.13)**

0.07 (0.03, 0.11)***

History of smoking

1.14 (0.26, 2.06)*

3.99 (− 2.79, 10.77)

0.15 (− 1.00, 1.27)

0.23 (− 0.66, 1.12)

P/F ratio

 <  − 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.03)

0.31 (0.05, 0.57)*

 − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01)

 − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.02)

RR

0.75 (− 0.18, 1.70)

0.59 (− 6.57, 7.75)

0.66 (− 0.51, 1.85)

 − 0.24 (− 1.19, 0.69)

Mechanical ventilation

 − 0.56 (− 2.20, 0.83)

 − 10.21 (− 20.76, 0.34)

0.66 (− 0.93, 2.14)

0.49 (− 0.88, 2.01)

ICU admission

1.50 (− 0.24, 3.58)

 − 14.66 (− 27.65, − 1.68)*

1.46 (− 0.20, 3.17)

1.11 (− 0.55, 3.15)

CRP

 <  − 0.01 (− 0.01, < 0.01)

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.06)

 < 0.01 (< − 0.01, 0.01)

 <  − 0.01 (− 0.01, < 0.01)

D-dimer

0.09 (− 0.14, 0.53)

0.05 (− 1.57, 1.66)

0.31 (− 0.01, 1.00)

0.05 (− 0.16, 0.37)

LDH

 < 0.01 (< − 0.01, < 0.01)

 − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01)

 < 0.01 (< − 0.01, 0.01)

 < 0.01 (< − 0.01, 0.01)

Ferritin

 < 0.01 (< − 0.01, < 0.01)

 <  − 0.01 (< − 0.01, < 0.01)

 <  − 0.01 (< − 0.01, < 0.01)

 < 0.01 (< − 0.01, < 0.01)

Viral load

0.19 (− 0.20, 0.59)

 − 3.61 (− 6.15, − 1.08)**

 − 0.40 (− 1.06, 0.15)

 − 0.13 (− 0.54, 0.26)

SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (RBD ≥ 5)

 − 0.03 (− 1.06, 1.00)

13.54 (6.17, 20.90)***

0.32 (− 1.20, 1.88)

0.10 (− 0.92, 1.10)

  1. Main effect linear logistic regression analyses, adjusted for treatment, sex, age, and history of smoking.
  2. Biochemical markers are baseline values.
  3. Irreversible CT findings defined as any finding of parenchymal bands, consolidations, reticular pattern, or interlobular septal thickening.
  4. DLCO diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, CAT score the COPD Assessment Test score, RR respiratory rate, p/f ratio pO2/FiO2 ratio, ICU intensive care unit, CRP C-reactive protein, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, RBD receptor binding domain, GGO ground glass opacities, CT computed tomography.
  5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
  6. #Dependent variable.
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