Table 2 Demographics and HIV status of patients suspected of central nervous system infection by aetiologies. Bolivia, 2017–2018. Data are presented as number (%).

From: A clinical, aetiological, and public health perspective on central nervous system infections in Bolivia, 2017–2018

 

Total

Male

Female

 

Children

Adults

 

HIV-positive

HIV-negative

 

SCZ

CBBA

 

n = 257

n = 156

n = 101

n = 82

n = 175

n = 52

n = 205

n = 111

n = 146

no. (%)

no. (%)

no. (%)

p-value

no. (%)

no. (%)

p-value

no. (%)

no. (%)

p-value

no. (%)

no. (%)

p-value

CONFIRMED INFECTIOUS

128 (49.8)

87 (55.8)

41 (40.6)

0.017

38 (46.4)

90 (51.4)

0.447

36 (69.2)

92 (44.9)

0.002

50 (45.0)

78 (53.4)

0.183

Bacteria

46 (17.9)

30 (19.2)

16 (15.8)

0.489

23 (28.0)

23 (13.1)

0.004

1 (1.9)

45 (22.0)

 < 0.001

24 (21.6)

22 (15.2)

0.175

Streptococcus pneumoniae

15 (5.8)

10 (6.4)

5 (5.0)

0.626

7 (8.5)

8 (4.6)

0.206

0 (0.0)

15 (7.3)

0.044

7 (6.3)

8 (5.5)

0.779

Neisseria meningitidis

2 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

1 (1.0)

0.756

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

0.331

0 (0.0)

2 (1.0)

0.474

1 (0.9)

1 (0.7)

0.845

Haemophilus influenzae type b

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.42

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

0.143

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.614

1 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.25

Listeria monocytogenes

3 (1.2)

2 (1.3)

1 (1.0)

0.831

0 (0.0)

3 (1.7)

0.233

1 (1.9)

2 (1.0)

0.569

1 (0.9)

2 (1.4)

0.729

Treponema pallidum

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

0.213

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

0.143

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.614

1 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.25

Other bacteriaa

24 (9.3)

16 (10.3)

8 (7.9)

0.529

14 (17.1)

10 (5.7)

0.003

0 (0.0)

24 (11.7)

0.009

13 (11.7)

11 (7.6)

0.254

Mycobacteria

33 (12.9)

23 (14.7)

10 (9.9)

0.257

4 (4.9)

29 (16.6)

0.012

8 (15.4)

25 (12.1)

0.539

8 (7.2)

25 (17.1)

0.019

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

29 (11.3)

20 (12.8)

9 (8.9)

0.333

3 (3.7)

26 (14.9)

0.008

8 (15.4)

21 (10.2)

0.295

7 (6.3)

22 (15.1)

0.028

Mycobacterium spp.

4 (1.6)

3 (1.9)

1 (1.0)

0.555

1 (1.2)

3 (1.7)

0.765

0 (0.0)

4 (1.9)

0.31

1 (0.9)

3 (2.0)

0.459

Viruses

14 (5.4)

9 (5.8)

5 (5.0)

0.777

7 (8.6)

7 (4.0)

0.135

1 (1.9)

13 (6.3)

0.209

9 (8.1)

5 (3.4)

0.101

Rabies virus

6 (2.3)

4 (2.6)

2 (2.0)

0.762

4 (4.9)

2 (1.1)

0.064

0 (0.0)

6 (2.9)

0.212

5 (4.5)

1 (0.7)

0.044

Varicella-zoster virus

6 (2.3)

4 (2.6)

2 (2.0)

0.762

3 (3.7)

3 (1.7)

0.335

1 (1.9)

5 (2.4)

0.826

3 (2.7)

3 (2.0)

0.733

Herpes simplex 1

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.42

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.492

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.614

1 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.25

Herpes simplex 2

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

0.213

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.492

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.614

0 (0.0)

1 (0.7)

0.382

Fungi

16 (6.2)

12 (7.7)

4 (4.0)

0.226

3 (3.7)

13 (7.4)

0.244

12 (23.1)

4 (2.0)

 < 0.001

5 (4.5)

11 (7.5)

0.319

Cryptococcus neoformans

10 (3.9)

8 (5.1)

2 (2.0)

0.202

0 (0.0)

10 (5.7)

0.027

7 (13.5)

3 (1.5)

 < 0.001

5 (4.5)

5 (3.4)

0.657

Cryptococcus spp.

6 (2.3)

4 (2.6)

2 (2.0)

0.762

3 (3.7)

3 (1.7)

0.335

5 (9.6)

1 (0.5)

 < 0.001

0 (0.0)

6 (4.1)

0.031

Parasites

9 (3.5)

7 (4.5)

2 (2.0)

0.285

0 (0.0)

9 (5.1)

0.037

9 (17.3)

0 (0.0)

 < 0.001

2 (1.8)

7 (4.7)

0.131

Toxoplasma gondii

5 (1.9)

4 (2.6)

1 (1.0)

0.372

0 (0.0)

5 (2.8)

0.122

5 (9.6)

0 (0.0)

 < 0.001

2 (1.8)

3 (2.0)

0.884

Trypanosoma cruzi

3 (1.2)

2 (1.3)

1 (1.0)

0.831

0 (0.0)

3 (1.7)

0.233

3 (5.8)

0 (0.0)

 < 0.001

0 (0.0)

3 (2.0)

0.129

Taenia solium

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.42

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.493

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0.047

0 (0.0)

1 (0.7)

0.382

Co-infections

10 (3.9)

6 (3.8)

4 (4.0)

0.963

1 (1.2)

9 (5.1)

0.129

5 (9.6)

5 (2.5)

0.017

2 (1.8)

8 (5.5)

0.131

S. pneumoniae + Cytomegalovirus

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.42

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

0.143

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.614

1 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.25

S. pneumoniae + Cryptococcus spp.

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.42

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.493

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.614

0 (0.0)

1 (0.7)

0.382

M. tuberculosis + C. neoformans

1 (0.4)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.42

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.493

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0.047

0 (0.0)

1 (0.7)

0.382

M. tuberculosis + other bacteriab

4 (1.5)

2 (1.3)

2 (2.0)

0.659

0 (0.0)

4 (2.3)

0.168

1 (1.9)

3 (1.5)

0.811

0 (0.0)

4 (2.7)

0.078

C. neoformans + Trypanosoma cruzi

2 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

1 (1.0)

0.756

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

0.331

2 (3.9)

0 (0.0)

0.005

1 (0.9)

1 (0.7)

0.845

T. gondii + Epstein-Barr

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

0.213

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0.493

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0.047

0 (0.0)

1 (0.7)

0.382

PROBABLE AND POSSIBLE INFECTIOUS

28 (10.9)

14 (9.0)

14 (13.9)

0.219

6 (7.3)

22 (12.6)

0.208

10 (19.2)

18 (8.8)

0.031

10 (9.0)

18 (12.4)

0.397

NON-INFECTIOUS

55 (21.4)

28 (17.9)

27 (26.7)

0.093

21 (25.6)

34 (19.4)

0.26

0 (0.0)

55 (26.8)

 < 0.001

24 (21.6)

31 (21.2)

0.94

Anti-NMDAR

3 (1.2)

1 (0.6)

2 (2.0)

0.329

2 (2.4)

1 (0.6)

0.194

0 (0.0)

3 (1.5)

0.38

2 (1.8)

1 (0.7)

0.409

UNKNOWN

46 (17.9)

27 (17.3)

19 (18.8)

0.759

17 (20.7)

29 (16.6)

0.417

6 (11.6)

40 (19.5)

0.18

27 (24.4)

19 (13.0)

0.019

  1. aK. pneumoniae (n = 6), A. baumannii (n = 4), P. aeruginosa (n = 2), S. aureus (n = 2), Streptococcus spp. (n = 2), E. coli (n = 2), S. pyogenes (n = 1), E. faecium (n = 1) S. epidermidis (n = 1), Achromobacter spp. (n = 1), S. maltophilia (n = 1), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 1); bAcinetobacter spp. (n = 1), Burkholderia spp. (n = 1), Pseudomona spp. (n = 1), S. epidermidis (n = 1).
  2. Abbreviations: SCZ, Santa Cruz; CBBA, Cochabamba; Anti-NMDAR, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor.
  3. Significant values are in [bold]
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