Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort according to etiologies.

From: Impact of acute kidney injury on long-term adverse outcomes in obstructive uropathy

 

Malignancy (N = 936, 55.6%)

Urolithiasis (N = 481, 28.6%)

Others (N = 266, 15.8%)

p-value

Gender (male)

496 (53%)

236 (49.1%)

92 (34.6%)§†

 < 0.001

Age [years]

62.99 [24, 95]

62.37 [23, 95]

59.06 [21, 93]§†

 < 0.001

Comorbidities

 

DM

224 (23.9%)

210 (43.7%)*

98 (36.8%)§

 < 0.001

HTN

376 (40.2%)

296 (61.5%)*

125 (47%)†

 < 0.001

Chronic liver disease

79 (8.4%)

53 (11.0%)

21 (7.9%)

0.204

IHD

39 (4.2%)

41 (8.5%)*

16 (6.0%)

0.003

PAOD

39 (4.2%)

28 (5.8%)

14 (5.3%)

0.320

Heart failure

25 (2.7%)

19 (4.0%)

14 (5.3%)

0.098

Dementia

13 (1.4%)

22 (4.6%)*

6 (2.3%)

0.001

Hemiparesia

6 (0.6%)

19 (4.0%)*

3 (1.1%)†

 < 0.001

COPD

59 (6.3%)

31 (6.4%)

11 (4.1%)

0.350

CKD

204 (21.8%)

110 (22.9%)

86 (32.3%)§†

0.002

Laboratory test

Hb [g/dL]

10.02 [3.40, 16.10]

11.7 [4.40, 19.10]*

10.74 [4.50, 16.80]§†

 < 0.001

WBC [× 103/µL]

8.74 [0.35, 45.50]

12.56 [0.89, 56.00]*

10.23 [1.56, 35.55]§†

 < 0.001

Platelet [× 103/µL]

239 [7.4, 844.0]

205 [13.0, 649.0]*

223.5 [17.0, 609.0]†

 < 0.001

Na [mmol/L]

136.4 ± 4.99

137.06 ± 4.82

136.6 ± 5.67

0.176

K [mmol/L]

4.48 [2.02, 9.74]

4.27 [2.60, 8.39]*

4.40 [2.67, 7.38]

 < 0.001

Cl [mmol/L]

101.86 [68.0, 123.0]

103.40 [73.0, 134.0]*

103.17 [75.0, 117.4]§

 < 0.001

Total CO2 [mmol/L]

22.4 ± 5.05

20.98 ± 5.02*

20.5 ± 5.3§

 < 0.001

Baseline Cr [mg/dL]

0.87 ± 0.55

0.93 ± 0.64

1.06 ± 0.69§

0.001

Baseline eGFR

88.25 [1.59, 188.96]

84.08 [7.99, 184.42]

79.10 [10.98, 144.70]§

0.002

CRP [mg/L]

66.04 [0.11, 444.57]

108.41 [0.13, 435.50]*

81.82 [0.10, 348.68]§†

 < 0.001

Procalcitonin[ng/mL]

6.03 [0.02, 100.00]

26.68 [0.04, 200.00]*

24.65 [0.03, 100.00]§

 < 0.001

Glucose [mg/dL]

127.4 [31.0, 581.0]

150.8 [30.0, 743.0]*

147.1 [62.0, 824.0]§

< 0.001

Protein [g/dL]

6.59 ± 0.86

6.58 ± 0.92

6.67 ± 0.95

0.326

Albumin [g/dL]

3.52 [1.50, 6.00]

3.58 [1.10, 5.50]

3.52 [1.80, 4.90]

0.175

Uric acid [mg/dL]

6.3 ± 3.3

6.3 ± 3.1

6.4 ± 2.9

0.994

AKI

774 (82.7%)

347 (72.1%)*

194 (72.9%)§

< 0.001

Stage 1

283 (36.6%)

131 (37.8%)

76 (39.2%)

 

Stage 2

176 (22.7%)

103 (29.7%)

41 (21.1%)

 

Stage 3

315 (40.7%)

113 (32.6%)

77 (39.7%)

 
  1. DM diabetes mellitus, HTN hypertension, IHD ischemic heart disease, PAOD peripheral arterial occlusive disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, Hb hemoglobin, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP C-reactive protein, AKI acute kidney injury.
  2. *Malignancy vs. urolithiasis, §malignancy vs. others, †urolithiasis vs. others, p-value < 0.05.
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