Table 1 Characteristics by coffee drinking status.
From: Genetic determinants of liking and intake of coffee and other bitter foods and beverages
Variable | UK Biobank | NHS | HPFS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-drinkers n = 15,489 | Drinkers n = 70,517 | Non-drinkers n = 517 | Drinkers n = 3357 | Non-drinkers n = 305 | Drinkers n = 1726 | |
Age at diet collection, years | 56.6 ± 7.9 | 58.5 ± 7.7 | 72.9 ± 6.0 | 74.0 ± 5.9 | 76.8 ± 6.6 | 77.3 ± 6.5 |
Age at liking/preference collection, years | 64.8 ± 7.7 | 66.8 ± 7.5 | 80.5 ± 5.9 | 81.6 ± 5.9 | 80.8 ± 6.6 | 81.3 ± 6.5 |
Female, n (%) | 9316 (60) | 38,550 (55) | 517 (100) | 3357 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 859 (6) | 4870 (7) | 12 (2) | 108 (3) | 125 (41) | 20 (1) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 4.8 | 26.7 ± 4.5 | 26.9 ± 5.7 | 26.5 ± 5.1 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | 26.1 ± 3.8 |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 3101 (20) | 13,581 (19) | 124 (24) | 719 (21) | 41 (13) | 243 (14) |
Alcohol intake, g/day | 13.9 ± 19.2 | 16.9 ± 18.5 | 3.1 ± 7.3 | 7.7 ± 11.7 | 7.4 ± 13.3 | 15.5 ± 16.3 |
Energy intake, Kcal/day | 2001 ± 445 | 2053 ± 430 | 1687 ± 563 | 1639 ± 529 | 1949 ± 557 | 2051 ± 579 |
Total coffee, cups/day | – | 2.1 ± 1.3 | – | 1.9 ± 1.3 | – | 2.0 ± 1.4 |
Coffee preference, n (%) | ||||||
Black | – | 9034 (13) | – | 1164 (35) | – | 824 (48) |
Unsweetened | – | 37,615 (53) | – | 2495 (74) | – | 1241 (72) |
No-milk | – | 11,102 (16) | – | 1359 (40) | – | 974 (56) |
Sweetened | – | 22,265 (32) | – | 891 (27) | – | 495 (29) |
Milk | – | 50,360 (71) | – | 2027 (60) | – | 762 (44) |
Total tea, cups/day | 3.8 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.8 |
Avoid/drink less coffee because bittera, n % | – | – | 180 (42) | 286 (9) | 88 (35) | 131 (8) |
Dark chocolate, servings/day | 0.04 ± 0.15 | 0.04 ± 0.15 | 0.12 ± 0.27 | 0.08 ± 0.21 | 0.13 ± 0.26 | 0.14 ± 0.29 |
Beer, servings/day | 0.30 ± 0.71 | 0.32 ± 0.68 | 0.02 ± 0.14 | 0.04 ± 0.20 | 0.18 ± 0.62 | 0.26 ± 0.52 |
