Table 4 Geospatial covariates used for the current estimation of snakebite risk in humans or animals (gridded and survey based).

Environmental

NDVI annual average for 2018

Continuous

No

NEOteam

Distance to water (Euclidean distances)

Continuous

 × 0.001

Based on GeoFabrik and OSM⁶⁷

Human modification of terrestrial systems (HMTS) 2016

Continuous

No

NASA SEDAC³⁰

Climatic

BIO6 (min. temperature of coldest month) 1970–2000

Continuous

 × 0.1

WorldClim⁶⁴

Epidemiological

Food storage

Discrete, 2 levels

No

Survey

Straw storage

Discrete, 2 levels

No

Survey

Sleep on floor

Discrete, 2 levels

No

Survey

Socio-economical

PPI

Continuous

 × 0.01

Survey

Livestock density

Pig density, 2010

Continuous

 × 0.001

Harvarddataverse³¹

Sheep density, 2010

Continuous

 × 0.001

Harvarddataverse³¹