Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the main and sensitivity samples.

From: Lonely in a crowd: investigating the association between overcrowding and loneliness using smartphone technologies

Assessment response rate

≥ 11 out of 42 assessments (≥ 25%)

≥ 21 out of 42 assessments (≥ 50%)

≥ 32 out of 42 assessments (≥ 75%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number (%)

Number of participants

n = 756

n = 397

n = 113

Gender

Female

526 (69.6%)

278 (70.0%)

79 (69.9%)

Male

225 (29.8%)

117 (29.5%)

34 (30.1%)

Other

5 (0.7%)

2 (0.5%)

0 (0.0%)

Age

Mean: 33.7 SD: 12.5

Mean: 34.8 SD: 12.9

Mean: 35.1 SD: 13.2

Range: 16–80

Range: 16–73

Range: 16–73

Ethnicity

African

14 (1.9%)

9 (2.3%)

2 (1.8%)

Caribbean

3 (0.4%)

2 (0.5%)

1 (0.9%)

Caucasian

484 (64.0%)

264 (66.5%)

76 (67.3%)

East Asian

61 (8.1%)

22 (5.54%)

10 (8.9%)

South Asian

55 (7.3%)

26 (6.6%)

7 (6.2%)

Indigenous

5 (0.7%)

3 (0.8%)

1 (0.9%)

Latino/Hispanic

28 (3.7%)

17 (4.3%)

1 (0.9%)

Middle Eastern

7 (0.9%)

3 (0.8%)

2 (1.8%)

Mixed

34 (4.5%)

19 (4.8%)

6 (5.3%)

Other

65 (8.6%)

32 (8.1%)

7 (6.2%)

Occupation

Student

227 (30.0%)

112 (28.2%)

35 (31.0%)

Employed

407 (53.8%)

221 (55.7%)

58 (51.3%)

Self-employed

74 (9.8%)

35 (8.8%)

10 (8.9%)

Retired

20 (2.7%)

12 (3.0%)

5 (4.4%)

Unemployed

28 (3.7%)

17 (4.3%)

5 (4.4%)

Education

Less than high school

13 (1.7%)

7 (1.8%)

0 (0.0%)

High school

88 (11.6%)

46 (11.6%)

12 (10.6%)

Apprenticeship

40 (5.3%)

25 (6.3%)

6 (5.3%)

University

615 (81.4%)

319 (80.4%)

95 (84.1%)

 

Observations (%)

Observations (%)

Observations (%)

Number of momentary assessments

n = 16,602

n = 11,193

n = 3958

Contact with nature

No

3773 (22.7%)

2553 (22.8%)

913 (23.1%)

Yes

12,829 (77.3%)

8640 (77.2%)

3045 (76.9%)

Overcrowding

No

15,210 (91.6%)

10,279 (91.8%)

3666 (92.6%)

Yes

1392 (8.4%)

914 (8.2%)

292 (7.4%)

Momentary lonely rating

Mean: 1.87 SD: 1.09

Mean: 1.88 SD: 1.09

Mean: 1.83 SD: 1.09

1—Strongly disagree

8378 (50.5%)

5614 (50.1%)

2111 (53.4%)

2

4195 (25.3%)

2850 (25.5%)

943 (23.8%)

3

2274 (13.7%)

1510 (13.5%)

487 (12.3%)

4

1281 (7.7%)

926 (8.3%)

311 (7.9%)

5—Strongly agree

474 (2.9%)

293 (2.6%)

106 (2.7%)

Social inclusivity score

Mean: 7.38 SD: 1.66

Mean: 7.36 SD: 1.66

Mean: 7.37 SD: 1.62

  1. Number (%) refers to the number and percentage of participants in each sample. Observations (%) refers to the number and percentage of completed ecological momentary assessment observations in each sample.
  2. The main sample, highlighted in underline, comprised of participants who completed at least 50% of momentary assessments and two sensitivity samples comprised of those who completed at least 25% and 75% momentary assessments, respectively. The participants who completed at least 75% of the assessments were included in all three samples. The participants who completed at least 50% of the assessments were included in the main and 25% minimum sample.