Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: Archaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterranean

Figure 2

(A) Reconstructed total ion chromatogram of the thermal desorption profile (310 °C for 5 min, 610 °C for 10 s (see Materials and Methods)) of human dental calculus from TIR002.B. Peak identities: the lignite/coal markers numbered 1–5 were identified as: 1 = succinimide, 2 = benzoic acid, 3 = benzamide, 4 = phthalic anhydride, 5 = phthalimide. Also shown are the structures of eight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (combustion markers): naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, 1-methyl anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene. In addition, the structures of the terpenoids characteristic of Cupressaceae deriving from the lignite are shown, i.e. the main monoterpenoid compound identified: p-cymene, the main sesquiterpenoid compounds identified: calamenene and cadalene, and the main diterpenoid compounds identified: diaromatic totarane, retene and 6-dehydroferruginol. The main lignite-derived hopanes, 17α(H),21β(H)-norhopane and 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane are also shown. (B) Charcoal particle from TIR002.B (unknown taxon).

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