Table 1 Plant height (cm), number of branches plant⁻¹ fixed oil content (% vw⁻¹) and essential oil content (% vw⁻¹) of black cumin as affected by moringa leaf extract applied at various growth stages.

	Plant height (cm)	Number of branches plant⁻¹	Fixed oil content (% vw⁻¹)	Essential oil content (% vw⁻¹)
Growth stages
Stage 1	51.8	55.16	32.68	0.36
Stage 2	61.45	62.5	34.37	0.35
Stage 3	47.45	51.66	33.41	0.37
Stage 4	65.15	65.5	35.18	0.39
Stage 5	54.9	62	34.64	0.36
Stage 6	64.13	60.83	35.72	0.37
Stage 7	68.15	70.66	37.08	0.42
LSD (0.05)	1.15	1.42	0.33	0.007
MLE concentrations
MLE @ 10%	58.83	60.19	34.06	0.37
MLE @ 20%	62.2	62.19	35.39	0.38
LSD (0.05)	0.32	1.42	0.09	0.002
Control vs rest treatments
Control	42.7	39	31.48	0.33
Rest treatments	58.02	61.19	34.73	0.37
Significance	**	**	**	**
Water only vs rest treatments
Water only	44.2	40.33	33.29	0.34
Rest treatments	58.02	61.19	34.73	0.37
Significance	**	**	**	**
Interaction	Significance
Stages × concentrations	NS	Figure 1	Figure 2	NS

MLE moringa leaf extract, @ at the rate, % percent, Stage 1 application of MLE at 40 DAS, S2 = Application at 80 DAS, S3 = 120 DAS, S4 = 40 + 80 DAS, S5 = 40 + 120 DAS, S6 = 80 + 120 DAS, S7 = 40 + 80 + 120 days after sowing, **highly significant, NS non-significant, LSD least significant difference.

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