Figure 5

Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by using the TMRE assay. HCECs (A) and HCjECs (B) were treated with 100 μg/mL of TiO2, CB, ZnO, and SiO2 NPs for 6 h. The results were calculated as a percentage of TMRE fluorescence intensity relative to controls. Results are shown as the mean ± standard deviation values of three independent experiments, each of which was carried out in triplicate. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 vs. untreated controls.