Table 3 Energy and GHGE conversion factors used for calculating the relative energy efficiency of the four crop establishment methods from crop establishment to harvest.

Land use

MJ ha^-1

0.0024

^34,41

See details under “Soil emissions”

Seeds

MJ kg^-1

30.1

^34,41

kg CO₂-eq kg^-1

1.12

^34,41,46

Grain

MJ kg^-1

15.2

^34,42

Diesel consumption

MJ L^-1

44.8

^34,35,41

kg CO₂-eq MJ^-1

0.08

^34,41,46

Gasoline consumption

MJ L^-1

39.1

^34,35,41

kg CO₂-eq MJ^-1

0.08

^34,41,46

Electric power

MJ kWh^-1

3.6

^34,35,41

kg CO₂-eq kWh^-1

0.564

^34,41

Machine production

MJ L^-1

15.6

^35,36

N

MJ kg^-1

58.7

^34,41,43

kg CO₂-eq kg^-1

5.68

^34,41,46

P₂O₅

MJ kg^-1

17.1

^34,41,43

kg CO₂-eq kg^-1

1.09

^34,41,46

K₂O

MJ kg^-1

8.83

^34,41,43

kg CO₂-eq kg^-1

0.52

^34,41,46

Herbicide

MJ kg^-1

354

^34,41,44

kg CO₂-eq kg^-1

23.3

^34,41,46

Pesticide

MJ kg^-1

182

^34,41,43

kgCO₂-eq kg^-1

10.4

^34,41,46

Driving 4WT and combine harvesters

MJ h^-1

0.44

^37,45

Manual labor

MJ h^-1

0.89

^37,45

Soil emission:

EF_default of CH₄ in WS

kg ha^-1 day^-1

1.7

⁴⁷

EF_default of CH₄ in SA

kg ha^-1 day^-1

2.8

⁴⁷

SF_pre for pre-season soil management

1

¹³

SF_water for single drainage

0.71

³⁸

SF_water for multiple drainage

0.55

³⁸

SF_N for Nitrogen use

% N applied

0–1

³⁸

CF_{incorporation}

1

¹³

CH₄ from burning straw

kg Mg^-1

4.51

⁴⁰

N₂O from burning straw

kg Mg^-1

0.069

⁴⁰