Table 5 Sustainability performance indicators (mean values followed by standard error in parentheses) of crop production across the four field trial treatments in the WS and SA seasons in Can Tho, Vietnam.

Winter-Spring

Nitrogen-use efficiency (grain kg N kg^-1)

80.5

(14.56)

78.9

(14.55)

78.5

(11.80)

101.8

(17.34)

Phosphorus-use efficiency (grain kg P kg^-1)

322.4

(55.59)

312.8

(46.65)

315.2

(41.77)

358.6

(16.81)

Potassium-use efficiency (grain kg K kg^-1)

185.3

(24.43)

180.3

(19.92)

181.0

(14.46)

248.8

(30.00)

No. of pesticide applications

9.8

(1.44)^a

9.8

(1.44)^a

9.8

(1.44)^a

6.5

(0.87)^b

Labor productivity (kg days^-1) – based on total labor cost

264.3

(22.29)

262.4

(26.80)

269.4

(21.98)

254.9

(22.88)

Grain yield (t ha^-1)

7.5

(0.44)

7.4

(0.48)

7.4

(0.27)

7.5

(0.23)

Energy efficiency (GJ ha^-1)

98.61

–

96.74

–

97.54

–

101.64

GHGEs (kg CO_2-eq ha^-1)

8,025

–

7,988-

–

7,976

–

7307

Net income (USD ha^-1)

1,014

(96)

999

(101)

1,017

(56)

1069.8

(60)

Summer-Autumn

Nitrogen-use efficiency (grain kg N kg^-1)

83.9

(6.28)

83.2

(5.64)

77.6

(6.46)

83.2

(7.76)

Phosphorus-use efficiency (grain kg P kg^-1)

336.4

(29.27)

333.4

(27.15)

310.2

(25.42)

341.3

(39.73)

Potassium-use efficiency (grain kg K kg^-1)

174.9

(7.49)

173.7

(7.66)

161.9

(9.16)

177.1

(14.09)

No. of pesticide applications

3.5

(0.29)

3.5

(0.29)

4.0

(0.71)

3.5

(0.65)

Labor productivity (kg days^-1)—based on total labor cost

255.7

(8.86)^a

241.9

(17.29)^a

228.4

(17.99)^a

136.9

(8.09) ^b

Grain yield (t ha^-1)

6.7

(0.10)

6.6

(0.21)

6.2

(0.36)

6.8

(0.27)

Energy efficiency (GJ ha^-1)

87.86

–

87.04

–

80.45

–

90.60

GHGEs (kg CO_2-eq ha^-1)

4,984

–

4,991

–

4995

–

4,679

Net income (USD ha^-1)

769

(25)

749

(54)

663

(663)

678

(92)