Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Classification of malignant tumours in breast ultrasound using unsupervised machine learning approaches

Figure 3

Visualised extracted feature vector from a malignancy US image by Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG). The moderate suspicion for malignancy (BI-RADS category 4B) case: female, age 51 years, an irregular and vascularised mass was found at the left breast and reported by ultrasound imaging, size: 1.2 × 0.9 cm, location: 1–2 o’clock from the nipple, distance: 6 cm from the nipple. A Core needle biopsy was performed and confirmed ductal carcinoma in situ. The infiltrating ductal carcinoma was confirmed after a partial mastectomy, size: 2.2 × 1.6 × 0.9 cm. The sentinel lymph node dissection was negative for malignancy at the left (0/2), and the immunohistochemical study of cytokeratin shows no metastatic carcinoma cells. The extracted feature vectors through the HOG descriptor from the image are shown as corner points. (a) The US image of this case. (b) Green marks represent the corner point positions obtained from the accelerated segment test (FAST).

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