Figure 3

Hill Numbers for SCFA-encoding Taxa. Effective number of genera (A–C) and species (D–F) for each SCFA as determined through Hill numbers at diversity order 0 (richness), 1 (number of common taxa), 2 (number of dominant taxa). Non-industrial populations have significantly greater genus richness for acetate and butyrate but not propionate, while species richness is significantly lower in non-industrial for all SCFAs. Rural agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers have significantly higher number of common and dominant genera than both industrial populations for butyrate and propionate, but only greater diversity than the Central + East Asian dataset for acetate at diversity order 1. This means the distribution of SCFA production in non-industrial populations is more even. The number of effective number of species is significantly lower in the non-industrial populations for each SCFA. FDR adjusted p-values for all statistical comparisons can be found in Data File S1.