Table 2 Mean and standard deviation for task-related variables.
Panel A | Healthy comparisons | Depression/anxiety | Substance use | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Guessing condition | ||||
N = | 53 | 221 | 136 | |
Number of taps | 68.15 (29.20) | 65.25 (31.24) | 65.96 (36.73) | 0.847 |
Number of heartbeats | 66.47 (9.13) | 70.24 (10.31) | 70.42 (10.07) | 0.036 |
Average delay between heartbeat and tap | − 0.00 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.301 |
Self-reported difficultya | 57.53 (22.86) | 53.73 (25.92) | 47.96 (25.31) | 0.032 |
Self-reported confidence | 32.49 (19.20) | 39.03 (21.11) | 43.49 (23.27) | 0.006 |
Self-reported intensity | 20.51 (16.73) | 28.75 (22.71) | 36.68 (24.25) | < 0.001 |
Counting accuracy | 0.70 (0.33) | 0.66 (0.29) | 0.63 (0.43) | 0.4 |
Beat-to-tap consistency | 0.01 (1.11) | 0.44 (1.06) | 0.52 (1.47) | 0.034 |
Panel B | Healthy comparisons | Depression/anxiety | Substance use | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No-guessing condition | ||||
N = | 41 | 182 | 122 | |
Number of taps | 24.41 (22.87) | 29.27 (23.64) | 35.30 (25.13) | 0.02 |
Number of heartbeats | 64.85 (10.07) | 69.41 (10.21) | 70.27 (10.00) | 0.012 |
Average delay between heartbeat and tap | 0.00 (0.15) | -0.01 (0.10) | 0.00 (0.07) | 0.732 |
Self-reported difficulty | 65.93 (27.48) | 63.64 (29.86) | 54.42 (29.43) | 0.014 |
Self-reported confidence | 33.76 (24.64) | 39.62 (27.17) | 40.71 (25.92) | 0.338 |
Self-reported intensity | 24.02 (19.31) | 30.59 (25.77) | 36.20 (26.26) | 0.019 |
Counting accuracy | 0.36 (0.28) | 0.40 (0.30) | 0.47 (0.31) | 0.045 |
Beat-to-tap consistency | 0.56 (2.23) | 0.38 (1.68) | 0.48 (1.75) | 0.79 |
Panel C | Healthy comparisons | Depression/anxiety | Substance use | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Breath hold condition | ||||
N = | 36 | 169 | 113 | |
Number of taps | 32.72 (21.73) | 31.45 (24.64) | 38.51 (24.79) | 0.056 |
Number of heartbeats | 68.72 (9.74) | 70.67 (10.35) | 73.26 (11.03) | 0.038 |
Average delay between heartbeat and tap | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.929 |
Self-reported difficulty | 49.17 (26.49) | 54.37 (25.04) | 42.16 (27.55) | 0.001 |
Self-reported confidence | 47.47 (25.57) | 50.40 (24.93) | 52.09 (24.76) | 0.614 |
Self-reported intensity | 42.58 (27.33) | 47.18 (27.55) | 50.94 (27.29) | 0.242 |
Counting accuracy | 0.47 (0.28) | 0.41 (0.27) | 0.49 (0.28) | 0.037 |
Beat-to-tap consistency | 1.58 (2.46) | 0.66 (1.66) | 0.68 (1.17) | 0.007 |
Panel D | Healthy comparisons | Depression/anxiety | Substance use | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone condition | ||||
N = | 53 | 220 | 135 | |
Number of taps | 77.68 (1.52) | 77.54 (4.22) | 79.24 (25.10) | 0.557 |
Number of heartbeats | 65.45 (10.66) | 71.06 (10.34) | 70.45 (10.15) | 0.002 |
Average delay between tone and tap | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.00 (0.07) | -0.01 (0.06) | 0.298 |
Self-reported difficulty | 18.57 (16.15) | 23.65 (21.21) | 27.19 (23.13) | 0.039 |
Self-reported confidence | 76.91 (14.45) | 75.66 (18.45) | 74.33 (18.91) | 0.643 |
Self-reported intensity | 85.25 (13.89) | 83.64 (16.70) | 79.53 (18.18) | 0.038 |
Counting accuracy | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.05) | 0.94 (0.32) | 0.068 |
Beat-to-tap consistency | 9.02 (3.51) | 8.63 (3.48) | 7.72 (4.20) | 0.037 |
