Table 1 Baseline characteristics and demographics according to the stage of chronic kidney disease.

From: Low serum total CO2 and its association with mortality in patients being followed up in the nephrology outpatients clinic

 

Total (n = 42,231)

CKD 1 (n = 9,641)

CKD 2 (n = 18,929)

CKD 3 (n = 9,446)

CKD 4 (n = 2,621)

CKD 5 (n = 1,594)

P value

Male (n, %)

20,681 (48.9)

4181 (43.4)

8607 (45.5)

5698 (60.3)

1373 (52.4)

822 (51.6)

 < 0.0001

Age (years)

54.1 ± 16.5

42.5 ± 16.3

55.1 ± 14.8

62.7 ± 13.9

59.2 ± 15.1

53.0 ± 13.8

 < 0.0001

Hypertension (n, %)

12,364 (29.2)

1385 (14.4)

4640 (24.5)

4218 (44.7)

1345 (51.3)

776 (48.7)

 < 0.0001

Diabetes (n, %)

8849 (20.9)

1290 (13.4)

3819 (20.2)

2584 (27.4)

787 (30.0)

369 (23.1)

 < 0.0001

Smoking (n, %)

2861 (6.8)

593 (18.0)

1171 (14.4)

750 (15.1)

221 (14.9)

126 (11.1)

 < 0.0001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

130.8 ± 20.7

126.0 ± 18.8

129.3 ± 19.1

133.1 ± 21.7

137.3 ± 23.6

137.1 ± 22.8

 < 0.0001

MDRD-GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

70.5 ± 29.4

107.4 ± 20.3

75.0 ± 8.1

47.2 ± 8.6

23.0 ± 4.3

9.1 ± 3.3

 < 0.0001

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

1.3 ± 1.3

0.8 ± 0.1

1.0 ± 0.2

1.5 ± 0.3

2.8 ± 0.6

7.0 ± 3.1

 < 0.0001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.7 ± 2.0

4.8 ± 1.5

5.2 ± 1.5

6.7 ± 1.9

7.7 ± 2.1

7.8 ± 2.4

 < 0.0001

Na (mEq/L)

140.1 ± 3.1

139.8 ± 3.2

140.4 ± 2.7

140.0 ± 3.1

139.4 ± 3.5

138.2 ± 4.1

 < 0.0001

K (mEq/L)

4.4 ± 0.6

4.2 ± 0.4

4.3 ± 0.4

4.5 ± 0.6

4.9 ± 0.8

5.0 ± 0.9

 < 0.0001

TCO2 (mEq/L)

26.2 ± 3.7

26.8 ± 3.1

27.1 ± 3.1

25.6 ± 3.6

22.5 ± 3.9

21.5 ± 5.0

 < 0.0001

Usage of sodium bicarbonate

2659 (6.3)

153 (1.6)

511 (2.7)

971 (10.3)

686 (26.2)

338 (21.2)

 < 0.0001

Usage of RAAS blockade

6010 (14.2)

1124 (11.7)

2479 (13.1)

1642 (17.3)

505 (19.3)

260 (16.3)

 < 0.0001

Usage of diuretics

      

 < 0.0001

 Diuretics group 1

521 (1.2)

112 (1.2)

253 (1.3)

123 (1.3)

25 (1.0)

8 (0.5)

 

 Diuretics group 2

2318 (5.5)

288 (3.0)

800 (4.2)

785 (8.3)

308 (11.8)

137 (8.6)

 

Crude ESRD rate (n, %)

3607 (8.5)

207 (2.1)

529 (2.8)

1,171 (12.4)

985 (36.6)

742 (46.5)

 < 0.0001

Crude mortality rate (n, %)

5157 (12.2)

423 (4.4)

1634 (8.6)

1,953 (20.7)

692 (26.4)

455 (28.5)

 < 0.0001

  1. The data are expressed as the proportion (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR).
  2. BP blood pressure, ESRD end-stage renal disease, GFR glomerular filtration rate, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease, TCO2 total CO2.
  3. RAAS blockade included Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors ( ACE inhibitors, ACEi) and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).
  4. Diuretics group 1 included acetazolamide, spironolactone, amiloride, and triamterene.
  5. Diuretics group 2 included furosemide, torasemide, thiazide, indapamide, and metolazone.
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