Table 2 Summary of GEE Model Effects including long-term user group (high and low users) and visit (12 months, 18 months, and 3.5 years), and task half (first, second) as predictors of the Anti-saccade Task outcome measures.

From: Longitudinal touchscreen use across early development is associated with faster exogenous and reduced endogenous attention control

 

Wald χ2 (df), p-value

% Anti-saccades

Half

125.02 (1), p < 0.001

Visit

10.80 (2), p = 0.005

Group

0.14 (1), p = 0.706

Half * group

1.30 (1), p = 0.254

Visit * group

2.00 (2), p = 0.369

Half * visit

5.46 (2), p = 0.065

Half * visit * group

0.82 (2), p = 0.661

% Pro-saccades

Half

230.34 (1), p < 0.001

Visit

10.03 (2), p = 0.007

Group

 < 0.01 (1), p = 0.966

Half * group

0.03 (1), p = 0.871

Visit * group

1.49 (2), p = 0.476

Half * visit

10.56 (2), p = 0.005

Half * visit * group

0.13 (2), p = 0.938

% Corrective looks

Half

5.01 (1), p = 0.025

Visit

14.29 (2), p = 0.001

Group

3.26 (1), p = 0.071

Half * group

9.35 (1), p = 0.002

Visit * group

1.37 (2), p = 0.505

Half * visit

6.52 (2), p = 0.038

Half * visit * group

1.08 (2), p = 0.583

Latency to distractor (pro-saccade)

Half

 < 0.01 (1), p = 0.993

Visit

17.70 (2), p < 0.001

Group

4.55 (1), p = 0.033

Half * group

1.75 (1), p = 0.186

Visit * group

4.96 (2), p = 0.084

Half * visit

9.06 (2), p = 0.011

Half * visit * group

1.69 (2), p = 0.430

Latency to target location (anti-saccade)

Half

9.28 (1), p = 0.002

Visit

33.69 (2), p < 0.001

Group

0.94 (1), p = 0.334

Half * group

1.71 (1), p = 0.191

Visit * group

0.26 (2), p = 0.878

Half * visit

4.04 (2), p = 0.133

Half * visit * group

0.79 (2), p = 0.673

  1. The analysis included 14 LUs and 24 HUs.
  2. Significant results are in bold.