Table 3 Summary of the CAF functions and the role of each identified marker.

From: Characterising cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CAF function

Identified markers

1. Generation and maintenance of CAF phenotype

α-SMA, p-Smad2, TGF-β, FoxF1

2. Re-modelling of extracellular matrix

FAP, MMP2, SPARC, Tenascin-C, Podoplanin

3. Immunosuppression

Podoplanin, Tenascin-C

4. Promoting migration and invasion of tumour cells

c-Met, FAP, HGF, MMP2, PDGFR-β, Periostin, Podoplanin, CXCL14

5. Promoting tumour angiogenesis

Caveolin-1, CXCL14, MMP2, Thymidine Phosphorylase

6. Proliferation and survival of tumour cells

Caveolin-1, CXCL14, HGF, IGF-II, PDGFR-α, Periostin, TNFSF13

7. Metabolic regulation of tumour cells

Carbonic anhydrase IX, GFAT2

8. Not included

No known function in CAFs currently

CD34, Irisin

No outcome measure for OS/DSS

CD90, HSF-1, CD200

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