Table 1 Upper body posture parameters including the mean or median values, tolerance range, confidence interval, standard deviation and 2 standard deviation. A description of the parameters can be found directly below each respective parameter. Normal distributed data are in italics. ICCs were classified as follows: 0–0.20 = “slight”, 0.21–0.40 = “fair”, 0.41–0.60 = “moderate”, 0.61–0.80 = “substantial”, 0.81–1.00 = “(almost) perfect”.
From: Standard reference values of the upper body posture in healthy middle-aged female adults in Germany
Parameter | Mean value/median | Lower tolerance | Upper tolerance | Lower confidence | Upper confidence | SD | 2SD | ICC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoulder parameter | ||||||||
Scapular distance (mm) Distance between the left (AISL) and the lower right scapular angle (AISR) | 164.06 | 120.94 | 207.17 | 159.80 | 168.31 | 21.56 | 43.11 | 0.935 |
Scapular height (°) Height difference between the AISL and AISR points | 0.15 | − 14.63 | 14.93 | − 1.76 | 1.69 | 7.39 | 14.78 | 0.968 |
Scapular rotation (°) Rotation of the distance AISL—AISR in the transversal plane | 1.40 | − 4.96 | 7.77 | 0.78 | 2.03 | 3.18 | 6.36 | 0.972 |
Left scapular angle (°) Angle of the compensation line applied from the shoulders to the horizontal. The center of the compensation line is specified vertically above AISL | 27.28 | 4.38 | 50.18 | 25.22 | 28.72 | 11.45 | 22.90 | 0.881 |
Right scapular angle (°) Angle of the compensation line applied from the shoulders to the horizontal. The center of the compensation line is specified vertically above AISR | 28.53 | 12.87 | 44.19 | 27.19 | 29.86 | 7.83 | 15.66 | 0.814 |
Spine parameter | ||||||||
Trunk length D (mm) Spatial distance between the markers C7 and middle of the PSIS-marker | 452.32 | 404.20 | 500.44 | 447.57 | 457.07 | 24.06 | 48.12 | 0.993 |
Trunk length S (mm) Spatial distance between the markers at C7 and Rima Ani | 487.62 | 433.70 | 541.54 | 482.30 | 492.94 | 26.96 | 53.92 | 0.993 |
Sagittal trunk decline (°) Inclination of the trunk length D marked line from the perpendicular to the sagittal plane | − 3.95 | − 10.08 | 2.18 | − 4.56 | − 3.35 | 3.07 | 6.13 | 0.975 |
Frontal trunk decline (°) Inclination of the trunk length D marked line from the perpendicular to the frontal plane | − 0.31 | − 2.98 | 2.36 | − 0.57 | − 0.05 | 1.33 | 2.67 | 0.949 |
Axis decline (°) Deviation of the line of the area marked by the trunk length D line of the 90° rotated distance between PSIS left and PSIS right | − 0.54 | − 6.08 | 5.00 | − 0.97 | − 0.21 | 2.77 | 5.54 | 0.944 |
Thoracic bending angle (°) Deviation of the distance C7—kyphosis apex from the perpendicular | 14.51 | 6.29 | 22.72 | 13.69 | 15.32 | 4.11 | 8.22 | 0.953 |
Standard deviation lateral deviation (°) Root mean squared deviation of the median line of the distance C7—center of the PSIS marker | 3.63 | − 0.33 | 7.59 | 3.06 | 3.89 | 1.98 | 3.96 | 0.897 |
Standard deviation rotation (°) Root mean square deviation of surface rotation of the median line (torsion of the spinous processes of the spine) | 3.81 | − 0.57 | 8.19 | 3.32 | 4.18 | 2.19 | 4.38 | 0.944 |
Kyphosis angle (°) Angle between the upper turning point at C7 and the thoracolumbar inflection point | 60.49 | 26.54 | 94.44 | 57.14 | 63.84 | 16.97 | 33.95 | 0.969 |
Lordosis angle (°) Angle between the lower inflection point at the center of the PSIS marker and the thoracolumbar turning point | 52.61 | 20.09 | 85.12 | 49.40 | 55.82 | 16.26 | 32.51 | 0.972 |
Lumbar bending angle (°) Deviation of the distance kyphosis apex—lordosis apex from the perpendicular | 14.44 | 6.75 | 22.13 | 13.68 | 15.20 | 3.85 | 7.69 | 0.969 |
Pelvic parameter | ||||||||
Pelvic distance (mm) Spatial distance between between the left (PSISL) and right (PSISR) of the pelvis | 92.23 | 66.02 | 118.43 | 89.64 | 94.81 | 13.10 | 26.20 | 0.972 |
Pelvic height (°) Decline of the connecting line between PSIS left and PSIS right to the horizontal in the frontal plane in degrees | 0.00 | − 5.26 | 5.26 | − 0.42 | 0.30 | 2.63 | 5.26 | 0.945 |
Pelvic torsion (°) PSIS left–PSIS right, twist around the transverse axis calculated from the mutual twisting of the surface normal on the two PSIS | − 0.72 | − 10.89 | 9.45 | − 1.73 | 0.28 | 5.09 | 10.17 | 0.897 |
Pelvic rotation (°) Rotation of the distance PSIS left–PSIS right in the transversal plane | 0.77 | − 5.74 | 7.28 | 0.13 | 1.42 | 3.26 | 6.51 | 0.971 |
