Table 3 Prevalence of biopsy-confirmed of CD in Asia–Pacific region among at-risk population.

From: Prevalence of celiac disease in low and high risk population in Asia–Pacific region: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author	Country	Region	Year of study	Population	Risk factor	Sample size	Age (Mean)	Serology tests	Risk of Bias	Prevalence of biopsy-confirmed (%)
First author	Country	Region	Year of study	Population	Risk factor	Sample size	Age (Mean)	Serology tests	Risk of Bias	Male	Female	Total
Gale³⁴	Australia	Pacific	1997	Adults	DS	55	37	AGA^a EMA^a	Moderate	–	–	2/55 (3.6)
Pham-Short³⁵	Australia	Pacific	1990–2009	Children	DM1	4,379	6.6	t-TG^a EMA^a	Moderate	147/2,147 (6.8)	38/2,232 (1.7)	185/4,379 (4.2)
Imanzadeh³⁶	Iran	Middle East	1997–2003	Children	Diarrhea	825	8.5	AGA^a EMA^a	Moderate	24/430 (5.6)	30/395 (7.6)	54/825 (8.9)
Al-Qabandi³⁷	Kuwait	Middle East	1998–2010	Children	DM1	47	66 M	EMA, AGA^a,b	Moderate	1/16 (6.2)	2/31(6.4)	3/47 (6.4)
Shahbazkhani³⁸	Iran	Middle East	2000–2001	*Both	DM1	250	18.7	EMA^a	Low	0/102	6/148 (4.05)	6/250 (2.4)
Moayeri³⁹	Iran	Middle East	2003–2004	Children	DM1	87	11.7	t-TG^a EMA^a	Moderate	1/43 (2.3)	2/44 (4.5)	3/87 (3.4)
Bhadada⁴⁰	India	South Asia	2002–2008	*Both	DM1	189	10.8	t-TG^a	Moderate	9/93 (9.7)	12/96 (12.5)	21/189 (11.1)
Aygun⁴¹	Turkey	Middle East	2005	Adults	DM1	122	–	EMA^a	Moderate	1/54 (1.8)	2/68 (2.9)	3/122 (2.4)
Alanay⁴²	Turkey	Middle East	2005	Children	DS	100	6.01	EMA^a	Moderate	-	-	1/100 (1)
Sari⁴³	Turkey	Middle East	2005–2006	Children	ATD	101	12.28	t-TG^a	Moderate	0/11	5/90 (5.5)	5/101 (4.9)
Wang⁴⁴	China	East Asia	2005–2008	Children	Diarrhea	118	–	EMA^a t-TG^a	Low	12/85 (14.1)	2/33 (6.1)	14/118 (11.8)
Sari⁴⁵	Turkey	Middle East	2006–2007	*Both	DM1	48	12.09	t-TG^a,b	Low	1/18 (5.6)	2/30 (6.7)	3/48 (6.2)
Guliter⁴⁶	Turkey	Middle East	2006–2007	Adults	ATD	136	43.1	t-TG^a	Moderate	1/18 (5.6)	7/118 (6)	8/136 (5.9)
Rostami Nejad⁴⁷	Iran	Middle East	2007–2008	Adults	Dyspeptic	407	36.1	t-TG^a,b	Low	3/193 (1.5)	7/214 (3.3)	10/ 407 (2.4)
Bhat⁴⁸	India	South Asia	2007–2009	Children	DS	100	2–18	EMA^a t-TG^a	Moderate	-	-	6/100 (6)
Saadah⁴⁹	Saudi Arabia	Middle East	2007–2011	Children	DS	51	3.58	t-TG^a	Moderate	-	-	1/51 (2)
Sharifi⁵⁰	Iran	Middle East	2008	*Both	DM1	100	21.8	t-TG^a	Moderate	3/42 (7.1)	5/58 (8.6)	8/100 (8)
Mehrdad⁵¹	Iran	Middle East	2008–2010	*Both	ATD	454	39.4	t-TG^a EMA^a	Low	0/49	2/405 (0.5)	2/454 (0.4)
Srivastava⁵²	India	Middle East	2008–2010	Children	FDR	91	9.5	t-TG^a	Moderate	–	–	4/91 (4.4)
Al-Hussaini⁵³	Saudi Arabia	Middle East	2008–2010	Children	DM1	106	8.5	t-TG^a EMA^a	Moderate	1/44 (2.3)	11/62 (17.7)	12/106 (11.3)
Mahmoodi⁵⁴	Iran	Middle East	2009–2012	*Both	IBD	1,000	29	t-TG^a	Moderate	21/497 (4.2)	36/503 (7.1)	57/1,000 (5.7)
Watanabe⁵⁵	Japan	East Asia	2009–2012	Adults	IBD	172	43.1	t-TG^a DGP^a	Moderate	1/102 (1)	0/70	1/172 (0.6)
Mishra⁵⁶	India	South Asia	2009–2014	Adults	FDR	434	29.8	t-TG^a	Moderate	–	–	22/434 (5.1)
Al-Sinani⁵⁷	Oman	Middle East	2011–2012	Children	DM1	91	10.8	t-TG^a	Moderate	2/53 (3.8)	3/38 (7.9)	5/91 (5.5)
Dogan⁵⁸	Turkey	Middle East	2012	Adults	FDR	484	–	t-TG^a	Moderate	–	–	23/484 (4.8)
Dogan⁵⁹	Turkey	Middle East	2012–2013	Adults	DM1	425	37.6	EMA^a	Moderate	7/231 (3)	3/194 (1.5)	10/425 (2.3)
Honar⁶⁰	Iran	Middle East	2013	Children	DM1	83	10.38	t-TG^a,b	Moderate	1/34 (3)	3/49 (6.1)	4/83 (4.8)
Fukunaga³³	Japan	East Asia	2014–2016	Adults	Abdominal	47	53	t-TG^a EMA^a	Moderate	1/21 (4.7)	0/26	1/47 (2.13)
Yildirmaz⁶¹	Turkey	Middle East	2016	Children	DM1	218	12.9	t-TG^a	Low	6/101	5/117 (4.3)	11/218 (5)

EMA Anti-endomysial antibodies, AGA Anti-gliadin antibodies, t-TG tissue transglutaminase, DGP deamidated gliadin peptides.
*Adults and children together, DM1 Diabetes Mellitus type1, DS Down syndrome, IBD Inflammatory bowel disease, ATD autoimmune thyroiditis diseases, FDR first-degree relatives.
^aIgA.
^bIgG.

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Table 3 Prevalence of biopsy-confirmed of CD in Asia–Pacific region among at-risk population.

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