Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants in NHANES 1999–2016.

From: Lipid indices as simple and clinically useful surrogate markers for insulin resistance in the U.S. population

Characteristics

Normal (N = 8524)

Insulin resistance* (N = 2854)

p-value

Age

40.0 ± 14.8

39.6 ± 14.3

0.239

Sex (men)

4106 (48.2%)

1372 (48.1%)

0.946

Race

0.999

Hispanics

2537 (29.8%)

847 (29.7%)

 

Non-Hispanic Whites

3548 (41.6%)

1189 (41.7%)

 

Non-Hispanic Blacks

1644 (19.3%)

550 (19.3%)

 

Other race†

795 (9.3%)

268 (9.4%)

 

BMI, kg/m2

26.1 ± 4.9

32.6 ± 7.1

 < 0.001

WC, cm

90.6 ± 12.4

106.5 ± 15.2

 < 0.001

Smoking (≥ 100 cigarettes in life)

3613 (42.4%)

1156 (40.5%)

0.081

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

116.7 ± 17.3

121.1 ± 17.1

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

68.6 ± 12.0

71.8 ± 12.8

 < 0.001

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

93.8 ± 9.2

100.9 ± 9.7

 < 0.001

Fasting insulin, μU/mL

7.5 ± 3.3

23.0 ± 13.6

 < 0.001

HbA1c, %

5.3 ± 0.4

5.4 ± 0.4

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

195.4 ± 41.3

200.3 ± 40.7

 < 0.001

Triglycerides, mg/dL

112.5 ± 89.7

164.0 ± 115.0

 < 0.001

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

56.9 ± 16.2

47.4 ± 13.2

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.6 ± 0.7

5.5 ± 3.5

 < 0.001

VAI

1.6 ± 2.0

2.9 ± 2.7

 < 0.001

LAP

39.4 ± 41.5

83.5 ± 61.2

 < 0.001

TyG index

4.5 ± 0.3

4.8 ± 0.3

 < 0.001

TyG-BMI

119.0 ± 24.8

155.4 ± 34.3

 < 0.001

TyG-WC

413.0 ± 68.5

509.0 ± 79.5

 < 0.001

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
  2. BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, BP blood pressure, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, VAI visceral adiposity index, LAP lipid accumulation product, TyG index triglycerides and glucose index.
  3. *Insulin resistance was defined as a HOMA-IR value above the 75th percentile for each sex and race/ethnicity.
  4. †Other race included non-Hispanic Asian and multi-racial Americans.
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