Table 1 Characteristics of participants included in this study.

From: Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

 

1999–2000

2001–2002

2003–2004

2005–2006

2007–2008

2009–2010

2011–2012

2013–2014

2015–2016

p

N

4207

4772

4525

4509

5364

5765

5030

2695

2610

 

Agea

45.01 ± 0.38

45.46 ± 0.52

46.40 ± 0.52

46.78 ± 0.73

47.05 ± 0.43

47.07 ± 0.49

47.43 ± 0.81

47.45 ± 0.42

47.98 ± 0.80

< 0.001

Male (%)b

47.9 (46.3–49.0)

47.8 (46.7–49.0)

48.2 (46.7–50.0)

47.9 (46.5–49.0)

48.0 (46.8–49.0)

48.2 (47.0–49.0)

47.9 (46.2–50.0)

48.1 (46.6–50.0)

48.1 (45.2–51.0)

0.999

Ethnicity (%)b

Mexican Americans

6.32 (3.97–10.00)

7.17 (5.46–9.00)

7.70 (4.46–13.00)

7.96 (6.10–10.00)

8.41 (5.72–12.00)

8.54 (4.94–14.00)

7.76 (4.77–12.00)

9.15 (5.74–14.00)

8.72 (5.02–15.00)

0.666

Other Hispanics

8.28 (3.84–17.0)

5.87 (2.92–11.00)

3.62 (2.50–5.00)

3.30 (2.01–5.00)

4.93 (2.89–8.00)

5.03 (2.96–8.00)

6.52 (3.96–11.00)

5.54 (3.62–8.00)

6.55 (4.18–10.00)

Non-Hispanic White

70.60 (64.50–76.00)

72.20 (66.30–77.00)

72.50 (64.80–79.00)

72.50 (66.30–78.00)

70.10 (61.80–77.00)

68.60 (61.10–75.00)

67.10 (58.50–75.00)

65.80 (58.00–73.00)

64.20 (55.80–72.00)

Non-Hispanic Black

10.47 (7.46–14.00)

10.35 (7.26–15.00)

11.10 (7.59–16.00)

10.90 (7.66–15.00)

10.40 (7.10–15.00)

10.87 (9.25–13.00)

11.01 (7.12–17.00)

11.20 (7.90–16.00)

11.41 (7.66–17.00)

Other ethnicities

4.31 (2.53–7.00)

4.46 (3.20–6.00)

5.16 (4.06–7.00)

6.20 (4.26–9.00)

6.93 (4.94–10.00)

7.62 (5.60–10.00)

5.30 (4.04–7.00)

8.23 (6.66–10.00)

9.15 (6.82–12.00)

Blood lead Level (µg/dL)c

1.75 [1.69–1.81]

1.56 [1.50–1.62]

1.52 [1.45–1.59]

1.41 [1.34–1.48]

1.38 [1.31–1.45]

1.23 [1.19–1.27]

1.09 [1.03–1.16]

0.97 [0.92–1.01]

0.92 [0.87–0.98]

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)a

95.43 ± 0.43

95.91 ± 0.33

97.37 ± 0.37

97.70 ± 0.64

97.91 ± 0.44

98.26 ± 0.43

98.79 ± 0.58

99.23 ± 0.54

100.7 ± 0.71

< 0.001

Ever cigarette smoking (%)b

47.9 (46.3–49.0)

47.8 (46.7–49.0)

48.2 (46.7–50.0)

47.9 (46.5–49.0)

48.0 (46.8–49.0)

48.2 (47.0–49.0)

47.9 (46.2–50.0)

48.1 (46.6–50.0)

48.1 (45.2–51.0)

0.001

  1. aFigures are expressed as mean ± standard error (for mean age and waist circumference).
  2. bFigures are expressed as percent (95% confidence intervals) (for gender, ethnicity and ever cigarette smoking).
  3. cFigures are expressed as mean blood lead levels (95% confidence intervals).
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