Table 3 Association between blood lead level and hypertension.

From: Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

 

Odds ratio for every doubling in blood lead level [95% Confidence Interval]

Crude

1.45 [1.40–1.50]

Model 1

0.98 [0.95–1.02]

Model 2

1.10 [1.06–1.14]

Model 3

1.07 [1.02–1.13]

Model 4

1.09 [1.04–1.14]

  1. Figures are expressed as odds ratio [95% confidence interval].
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity.
  3. Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and waist circumference.
  4. Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, waist circumference, poverty to income ratio, education and ever cigarette smoking.
  5. Model 4: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, waist circumference, poverty to income ratio, education, ever cigarette smoking, diabetes and stage 3–5 chronic kidney diseases.
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