Table 4 Association between exposure of exogenous chemicals and pregnancy complications by stepwise modeling.

From: Untargeted analysis of first trimester serum to reveal biomarkers of pregnancy complications: a case–control discovery phase study

Identified/annotated exogenous metabolitea

 

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

AUC

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

AUC

Difference from baseline model† (difference, 95% CI)

HDP

Single metabolite, adjusted for covariatesb

    

Stepwise

    

3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde

OL1c

1.42

(0.96, 2.10)

0.081

0.753

     

Monohexyl phthalate

OL2a

1.50

(1.06, 2.14)

0.024

0.759

1.50

(1.06, 2.14)

0.024

0.759

0.022 (− 0.028, 0.071)

GH

Monohexyl phthalate

OL2a

1.80

(1.19, 2.73)

0.006

0.790

1.80

(1.19, 2.73)

0.006

0.790

0.047 (− 0.022, 0.116)

PE

Salicylamide

OL2a

1.85

(1.11, 3.09)

0.019

0.749

1.85

(1.11, 3.09)

0.019

0.749

0.135 (− 0.006, 0.276)

Ethylparaben

OL2b

0.58

(0.33, 1.00)

0.05

0.723

     

PTB

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol

OL2b

0.70

(0.45, 1.06)

0.093

0.684

d

    

sPTB

Salicylamide

OL2a

0.70

(0.46, 1.06)

0.090

0.607

     

Hydrocinnamic acid

OL1

0.65

(0.40, 1.07)

0.092

0.624

     

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol

OL2b

0.63

(0.39, 1.02)

0.060

0.618

     

N-Heptylparaben

OL2a

0.66

(0.41, 1.05)

0.077

0.584

     

(R,S)-N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-l-cysteine

OL2a

0.65

(0.43, 0.99)

0.047

0.626

0.65

(0.43, 0.99)

0.047

0.626

0.068 (− 0.035, 0.171)

  1. HDP, any hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; GH, gestational hypertension; PE, pre-eclampsia, PTB, preterm birth; sPTB, spontaneous preterm birth; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.
  2. aThe exogenous metabolites include the exposed parent chemicals and their metabolites or conjugates that are formed in vivo after the exposures. The exogenous metabolite was identified or annotated via matching to an In-house Experimental Standards Library that contains over 300 exogenous metabolite standards, which were prioritized for data acquisition based on previous findings in human exposure studies.
  3. bp < 0.10 after adjustment for covariates. Single metabolite models include only one metabolite as well as covariates; stepwise models include all predictive metabolites simultaneously and retain those p < 0.05.
  4. Adjustment factors: HDP: BMI at first prenatal care visit, illegal drug use in the year before pregnancy, gravidity; GH: BMI at first prenatal care visit, illegal drug use in the year before pregnancy, gravidity; PE: illegal drug use in the year before pregnancy, gravidity; PTB: obesity, and illegal drug use in the year before pregnancy, gravidity; sPTB: gravidity.
  5. cOntology levels: Identification or annotation of exogenous metabolites are supported by evidences from chromatography, e.g., retention time (RT), and/or mass spectrometry, e.g., exact mass (MS) and/or tandem mass spectra (MS/MS). OL1, highly confident identification based on matching with In-house physical standard library (IPSL) via retention time (RT, with RT error ≤|0.5|), exact mass (MS, with mass error < 5 ppm), and tandem mass similarity (MS/MS, with similarity ≥ 30); OL2a, confident identification based on matching with IPSL via MS and RT; OL2b, annotation for the isomer or derivatives of the compound listed, based on matching with IPSL via MS and MS/MS.
  6. dNo variables p < 0.05.
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