Table 3 Biomass of available, removal and electivity index of gaurs’ forage species in transition zone around Khlong Pla Kang National Park Guard Station, Khao Yai National Park.

Natural forage species

Apocynaceae

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br

139.2

212

49.6

152.8

0.15

− 0.26

Apocynaceae

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb

24.5

3.5

13.3

2.1

− 0.05

− 0.17

Asteraceae

Ageratum conyzoides L

N/A

28.8

N/A

0.2

N/A

0.97

Asteraceae

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob

170.6

454.8

4.5

11.1

0.9

0.89

Bignoniaceae

Markhamia stipulata Seem

N/A

14.5

N/A

3.5

N/A

0.28

Combretaceae

Combretum deciduum Collet & Hemsl

N/A

67.2

N/A

6.5

N/A

0.63

Costaceae

Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm

N/A

1.4

N/A

0.4

N/A

0.2

Cyperaceae

Cyperus sp.

N/A

151.5

N/A

1.3

N/A

0.96

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia obovata (Blume) Hoogland

N/A

1.7

N/A

1.7

N/A

− 0.4

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea glabra Roxb

0.6

5.6

0.6

3.4

− 0.35

− 0.7

Dipterocarpaceae

Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn

1.2

N/A

0.6

N/A

− 0.01

N/A

Euphorbiaceae

Croton persimilis Mull. Arg

N/A

1.3

N/A

0.5

N/A

0.05

Fabaceae

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd

N/A

209.1

N/A

108.8

N/A

− 0.1

Fabaceae

Acacia concinna (willd.) DC

73

125.8

40.5

88

− 0.07

− 0.24

Fabaceae

Adenanthera pavonina L

N/A

13.6

N/A

7.1

N/A

− 0.1

Fabaceae

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz

4.6

21.5

0.6

16.8

0.58

− 0.29

Fabaeae

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub

N/A

9.3

N/A

2.3

N/A

0.27

Irvingiaceae

Irvingia malayana Oliv. Ex A.W.Benn

5.3

23.7

4.4

7.9

− 0.26

0.12

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Ex Blume

3.4

N/A

3.4

N/A

− 0.35

N/A

Lauraceae

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob

0.4

2.9

0.2

1.2

− 0.01

0.02

Malvaceae

Helicteres lanata (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kurz

N/A

0.7

N/A

0.7

N/A

− 0.4

Malvaceae

Mallotus paniculatus Mull. Arg

3

0.5

1.5

0.5

− 0.01

− 0.4

Malvaceae

Mallotus philippensis Mull. Arg

8.4

12.7

4.2

12.7

− 0.01

− 0.4

Malvaceae

Microcos paniculata L

N/A

100.4

N/A

56.4

N/A

− 0.14

Malvaceae

Urena lobata L

58

108.6

6.5

10.5

0.63

0.63

Menispermaceae

Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels

N/A

0.8

N/A

0.8

N/A

− 0.4

Musaceae

Musa cylindric Colla

3.4

2.3

2.4

0.5

− 0.18

0.33

Oleaceae

Jasminum anodontum Gagnep

11.4

52

6.8

47.1

− 0.1

− 0.36

Oleaceae

Jasminum simplicifolium G. Forst

25.2

26.5

14.6

15.6

− 0.09

− 0.16

Phyllanthaeae

Bischofia javanica Blume

N/A

8.4

N/A

6.4

N/A

− 0.28

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus emblica L

N/A

38.4

N/A

25.6

N/A

− 0.22

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus sp.1

4.3

12.5

1.7

4.3

0.1

0.11

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus sp.2

2.4

10.8

2

9.6

− 0.26

− 0.35

Poaceae

Arundo donax L

56.4

50.9

3.4

26.5

0.78

− 0.1

Poaceae

Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf

N/A

1.8

N/A

0.9

N/A

− 0.08

Poaceae

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch

N/A

3638.5

N/A

2099.1

N/A

− 0.15

Poaceae

Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) H.Keng ex Hitchc

59.1

14.3

53.8

11.2

− 0.3

− 0.29

Poaceae

Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult

N/A

38.7

N/A

20.3

N/A

0.1

Poaceae

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers

16.8

26.9

4.9

11.8

0.25

− 0.01

Poaceae

Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc

14.5

105.9

8.8

63.6

− 0.11

− 0.17

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill

23

127.5

4.7

63.2

0.01

− 0.07

Rubiaceae

Ixora umbellate Valeton ex koord

5.5

21.3

2.4

10.3

0.05

− 0.06

Simaroubaceae

Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr

229.8

499.6

162.2

385.7

− 0.18

− 0.29

Agricultural crop plant

Annonaceae

Annona squamosa L. (Sugar apple)

N/A

65.2

N/A

16.6

N/A

0.25

Euphorbiaceae

Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (Pará rubber tree)

29.9

N/A

6.6

N/A

0.38

N/A

Euphorbiaceae

Manihot esculenta Crantz (Cassava)

264

264

198

105

− 0.21

0.04

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (River red gum)

N/A

240

N/A

60

N/A

0.26

Poaceae

Zea mays L. (Corn)

N/A

2084.8

N/A

912.1

N/A

− 0.01

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum L. (Capsicum)

N/A

686

N/A

196

N/A

0.2

Umbelliferae

Coriandrum sativum L. (Coriander)

N/A

4075.5

N/A

1254

N/A

0.16