Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics before and after application of the matching algorithm.

From: A nationwide cohort study for comparative vascular safety of long-acting insulin analogue versus intermediate-acting human insulin in type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

Before matching

After matching

IAHI

LAIA

SMD

IAHI

LAIA

SMD

Number of stable use sets

166,589

661,434

 

8479

8479

 

Year of index date (%)

  

0.87

  

0.04

2004

4.49

0.04

 

1.72

1.44

 

2005

5.65

0.32

 

3.88

3.90

 

2006

10.31

1.08

 

10.54

9.64

 

2007

12.46

3.83

 

15.37

15.91

 

2008

13.05

8.43

 

15.90

16.22

 

2009

13.41

13.74

 

13.87

14.27

 

2010

13.43

19.06

 

12.87

12.97

 

2011

14.20

24.72

 

13.06

13.00

 

2012

13.01

28.77

 

12.80

12.65

 

GLA utilization pattern at one year prior to index date

Number of GLAs prescribed (mean ± SD)

3.09 ± 1.35

3.71 ± 1.23

0.48

2.26 ± 1.27

2.26 ± 1.27

0.00

MPR (mean ± SD)

 Metformin

0.38 ± 0.43

0.63 ± 0.42

0.33

0.39 ± 0.43

0.39 ± 0.44

0.00

 Sulfonylurea

0.34 ± 0.42

0.61 ± 0.43

0.34

0.40 ± 0.44

0.40 ± 0.44

0.00

 Meglitinide

0.04 ± 0.16

0.10 ± 0.27

0.31

0.02 ± 0.13

0.02 ± 0.13

0.00

 Thiazolidinedione

0.07 ± 0.22

0.15 ± 0.30

0.15

0.07 ± 0.22

0.07 ± 0.22

0.00

 Acarbose

0.09 ± 0.26

0.17 ± 0.33

0.12

0.06 ± 0.22

0.06 ± 0.22

0.00

 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor

0.02 ± 0.13

0.14 ± 0.30

0.19

0.02 ± 0.12

0.02 ± 0.12

0.00

 Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00

 Short-acting/rapid-acting insulin

0.28 ± 0.38

0.06 ± 0.20

1.33

0.13 ± 0.30

0.13 ± 0.30

0.00

 Intermediate-acting human insulin

0.64 ± 0.35

0.01 ± 0.08

1.33

0.30 ± 0.40

0.30 ± 0.40

0.00

 Long-acting insulin analogue

0.01 ± 0.08

0.66 ± 0.35

1.38

0.03 ± 0.13

0.03 ± 0.13

0.00

 Premixed insulin

0.05 ± 0.17

0.03 ± 0.15

0.22

0.05 ± 0.18

0.05 ± 0.18

0.00

Characteristics for propensity score matching

Age at index date (years, mean ± SD)

59.83 ± 13.83

58.85 ± 12.50

0.07

59.04 ± 15.27

57.60 ± 14.43

0.10

Male (%)

53.15

54.88

0.03

52.61

58.97

0.13

Diabetes duration (years, mean ± SD)

6.88 ± 3.16

7.77 ± 2.03

0.33

6.03 ± 3.43

5.82 ± 3.47

0.06

Number of A1C tests (times, mean ± SD)

2.95 ± 2.10

3.73 ± 2.03

0.38

2.39 ± 2.03

2.53 ± 1.99

0.07

Hospital grade (%)

  

0.01

  

0.15

 Medical center

33.21

32.69

 

32.88

39.99

 

 Non-medical center

66.79

67.31

 

67.12

60.01

 

Diabetes-related complications (%)

 Retinopathy

21.20

22.34

0.03

16.20

20.70

0.12

 Nephropathy

24.68

24.68

0.00

20.95

22.49

0.04

 Neuropathy

19.15

19.00

0.00

16.17

16.74

0.02

 Peripheral vascular diseases

6.06

5.29

0.03

5.09

4.76

0.02

 Cerebrovascular diseases

20.45

19.62

0.11

13.15

9.40

0.12

 Cardiovascular diseases

12.48

9.15

0.02

19.70

18.83

0.02

 Metabolic complications

3.47

2.20

0.08

3.96

4.62

0.03

 Hypoglycemia

2.63

1.77

0.06

1.88

1.80

0.01

Comorbidities (%)

 Hypertension

57.83

61.28

0.07

52.31

51.30

0.02

 Hyperlipidemia

43.41

57.56

0.29

38.68

39.56

0.02

 Stroke or transient ischemic attack

5.49

4.15

0.11

13.37

9.56

0.12

 Heart failure

1.33

1.33

0.06

6.10

4.71

0.06

 Myocardial infarction

15.63

15.64

0.00

1.52

1.33

0.02

 Ischemic heart diseases

12.73

9.24

0.00

14.31

14.85

0.02

 Diabetic ketoacidosis

1.80

1.19

0.05

1.98

3.02

0.07

 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

1.68

1.04

0.06

2.05

1.67

0.03

CIC category (%)

 Cancers

6.88

6.88

0.00

7.89

6.22

0.07

 Gastrointestinal diseases

29.90

27.02

0.06

29.44

26.61

0.06

 Musculoskeletal diseases

33.87

35.27

0.03

33.03

33.19

0.00

 Pulmonary diseases

12.64

9.18

0.11

13.10

10.19

0.09

 Substance abuse complexity

2.46

2.22

0.02

3.28

2.59

0.04

 Mental illnesses

11.29

10.11

0.04

10.57

9.51

0.04

CVD-related medication history (%)

 Lipid modifying agents

46.12

59.86

0.28

38.86

40.55

0.03

 α-blockers

5.83

5.71

0.01

5.26

4.65

0.03

 β-blockers

31.97

32.06

0.00

29.07

27.46

0.04

 RAAS agents

51.69

59.73

0.16

44.78

44.92

0.00

 Diuretics

32.60

25.56

0.16

29.52

28.60

0.02

 Calcium channel blockers

42.93

40.77

0.04

38.72

35.92

0.06

 Antiarrhythmics

2.45

1.87

0.04

2.55

1.64

0.06

 Cardiac glycosides

4.52

2.66

0.10

4.34

3.66

0.03

  Vasodilators

14.54

12.22

0.07

12.81

11.90

0.03

 Anti-platelets

37.93

39.87

0.04

33.81

33.35

0.01

 Anti-coagulants

1.68

1.34

0.03

1.64

1.46

0.01

  1. IAHA, intermediate-acting human insulin; LAIA, long-acting insulin analogue; SMD, standardized mean difference; GLA, glucose-lowering agent; SD, standard deviation; MPR, medication possession ratio; CIC, Chronic Illness with Complexity; CVD, cardiovascular disease; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.
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