Table 1 Scoring of the three indicators used in the development of the maternal autonomy index.

From: Higher maternal autonomy is associated with reduced child stunting in Malawi

Domains and conditions

Scoring criteria

A woman’s involvement in household decision-making. Includes 3 decisions—final say on

Participates in all 3 decisions = 2

Participates in 1 or 2 decisions = 1

Does not participate in any decisions = 0

• Her own healthcare

• Making large household purchases, and

• Making visits to family and relatives)

A woman’s tolerance of domestic violence. Includes whether or not a woman thinks it is justifiable for her husband to beat her in the following 5 situations

Thinks it is not justifiable in any situation = 4

Thinks it is justifiable in 1 or 2 situations = 3

Thinks it is justifiable in 3 situations = 2

Thinks it is justifiable in 4 situations = 1

Thinks it is justifiable in all the 5 situations = 0

• When she goes out without telling her husband

• When she neglects the children

• When she argues with her husband,

• When she denies her husband sex and

• When she burns the food

A woman’s financial independence. Includes ownership of either

Owns a house, land, or both alone or jointly with husband = 1

Does not own any house, land = 0

• House, or

• Land

  1. The range of maternal autonomy scores was 0–7, with 0–3 indicating low levels of maternal autonomy; 4–5 indicating moderate levels of maternal autonomy; and 6–7 indicating high levels of maternal autonomy.