Table 1 Characteristics of included studies.
Author | Publication | Design | Number of centers involved | Primary endpoint(s) | Sample size (total n = 12,579) | Number of patients (Robotic vs. Open) (total 2,175 vs. 10,404) | Indication for surgery (benign or malignant disease) | Primarily involved organ (pancreas, biliary tract, duodenum) | Level of evidence (Oxford CEBM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baker | Int J Med Robot 201636 | Prospective cohort study (2012–2013) | 1 | NS | 71 | 22 vs. 49 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2b |
Bao | J Gastrointest Surg 201437 | Retrospective cohort study (2009–2011) | 1 | NS | 56 | 28 vs. 28 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Bencini | Surg Endosc 202038 | Prospective cohort study (2014–2018) | 1 | Postoperative (30-day) events | 121 | 38 vs. 83 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2b |
Boggi | World J Surg 201628 | Retrospective cohort study (2008–2014) | 1 | NS | 119 | 83 vs. 36 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Boone | HPB 201434 | Abstract; Prospective cohort study (2008–2013) | NR | NS | 156 | 58 vs. 98 | NR | NR | 2c |
Buchs | World J Surg 201139 | Retrospective cohort study (2002–2010) | 1 | NS | 83 | 44 vs. 39 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Butt | HPB 201640 | Abstract; Retrospective cohort study (2014–2015) | 1 | NS | 67 | 12 vs. 55 | NR | NR | 2c |
Cai | J Gastrointest Surg 201935 | Retrospective cohort study (2011–2018) | 1 | CR-POPF rate | 865 | 460 vs. 405 | B + M | NR | 2c |
Chalikonda | Surg Endosc 201230 | Prospective cohort study (2009–2010) | 1 | NR | 60 | 30 vs. 30 | B + M | NR | 2c |
Chen | Surg Endosc 201541 | Prospective cohort study (2010–2013) | 1 | NR | 180 | 60 vs. 120 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2b |
Girgis | Ann Surg 201942 | Retrospective cohort study (2011–2016) | 5 | NR | 361 | 163 vs. 198 | M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Hammill | HPB 201043 | Abstract; Retrospective cohort study (2005–2009) | 1 | NR | 77 | 8 vs. 69 | B + M | P + BT | 2c |
Ielpo | Updates Surg 201944 | Retrospective cohort study (2010–2017) | 1 | NS | 34 | 17 vs. 17 | B + M | NR | 2c |
Kauffmann | Surg Endosc 201945 | Retrospective cohort study (2014–2017) | 1 | Positive margin rate | 268 | 93 vs. 175 | M | P | 2c |
Kim | J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 201846 | Retrospective cohort study (2015–2017) | 1 | NR | 237 | 51 vs. 186 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Klompmaker | Ann Surg 202047 | Retrospective cohort study (2012–2017) | 14 | 30-day morbidity | 920 | 191 vs. 729 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Lai | Int J Surg 201248 | Retrospective cohort study (2000–2012) | 1 | NS | 87 | 20 vs. 67 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Marino | J Robot Surg 201949 | Retrospective cohort study (2014–2016) | 1 | NR | 70 | 35 vs. 35 | M | P + BT + D | 2c |
McMillan§ | Jama Surg 201731 | Retrospective cohort study (2003–2015) | 16 | POPF rate | 2,846 | 185 vs. 2661 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Mejia | Surg Endosc 201550 | Abstract; Prospective cohort study (2013–2014) | 1 | Morbidity | 26 | 14 vs. 12 | NR | NR | 2c |
Napoli§ | Surg Endosc 201827 | Retrospective cohort study (2007–2014) | 1 | CR-POPF rate | 309 | 82 vs. 227 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Shi | JAMA Surg 202051 | Retrospective cohort study (2017–2018) | 1 | NR | 834 | 200 vs. 634 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Varley§ | HPB 201932 | Retrospective cohort study (2011–2016) | 1 | Length of hospital stay | 282 | 133 vs. 149 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Walsh§ | Surg Endosc 201129 | Abstract; Retrospective cohort study (2009–2010) | 1 | NR | 50 | 25 vs. 25 | NR | NR | 2c |
Wang | Surgery 201852 | Prospective cohort study (2012–2017) | 1 | CR-POPF rate | 296 | 118 vs. 178 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2b |
Wilson§ | HPB 201933 | Abstract; Retrospective cohort study (2011–2017) | 1 | NR | 190 | 116 vs. 74 | M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Zhou | Int J Med Robot 201153 | Retrospective cohort study (2009) | 1 | NR | 16 | 8 vs. 8 | M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Zimmerman | HPB 201854 | Retrospective cohort study (2014–2015) | 1 | 30-day mortality and morbidity | 6547 | 211 vs. 6,336 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2c |
Zureikat | Ann Surg 20168 | Retrospective cohort study (2011–2015) | 8 | NS | 1028 | 211 vs. 817 | B + M | P + BT + D | 2b |
