Table 2 Characteristics of cohorts.

From: Nonsurgical treatment outcomes for surgical candidates with lumbar disc herniation: a comprehensive cohort study

 

Surgery (n = 57)

Non-surgery (n = 71)

p-value

Age, mean ± SD

46.02 ± 13.82

50.77 ± 12.98

0.04*

Female, n (%)

26 (45.6%)

38 (53.5%)

0.38††

Weight

71.55 ± 12.98

66.67 ± 11.60

0.03†

Height

168.59 ± 7.97

164.78 ± 9.07

0.02†

BMI (kg/m2)

25.06 ± 3.50

164.78 ± 9.07

0.30†

Levels of herniation

  

0.50**

L1–2

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.4%)

 

L2–3

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.4%)

 

L3–4

2 (3.5%)

6 (8.5%)

 

L4–5

35 (61.4%)

36 (50.7%)

 

L5–S1

20 (35.1%)

27 (38.0%)

 

Type of herniation

  

0.29††

Protrusion

15 (26.3%)

28 (39.4%)

 

Extrusion

27 (47.4%)

28 (39.4%)

 

Sequestration

15 (26.3%)

15 (21.1%)

 

Occupational activity

  

0.14††

High

8 (14.0%)

3 (4.2%)

 

Intermediate

35 (61.4%)

50 (70.4%)

 

Low

14 (24.6%)

18 (25.4%)

 

Diabetes, n (%)

2 (3.5%)

4 (5.6%)

0.69**

Hypertension, n (%)

7 (12.3%)

14 (19.7%)

0.26††

Smoking, n (%)

12 (21.1%)

7 (9.9%)

0.08††

VAS-B

5.67 ± 2.88

6.10 ± 2.13

0.67*

VAS-L

7.05 ± 2.21

6.27 ± 2.06

0.02*

K-ODI

23.53 ± 7.51

18.38 ± 7.22

 < 0.001†

EQ-5D utility score

0.43 ± 0.19

0.57 ± 0.17

 < 0.001*

EQ-VAS

49.02 ± 18.14

55.28 ± 16.56

0.05*

SF-36

Physical functioning

30.35 ± 23.75

47.25 ± 25.87

 < 0.001*

Physical role functioning

15.35 ± 27.85

22.89 ± 32.39

0.14*

Emotional role functioning

38.01 ± 36.43

48.36 ± 40.15

0.13*

Vitality

36.05 ± 16.22

40.14 ± 16.99

0.10*

Mental health

49.54 ± 18.19

56.85 ± 18.13

0.01*

Social role functioning

35.75 ± 20.24

47.18 ± 22.97

0.01*

Bodily pain

20.44 ± 17.15

33.52 ± 16.70

 < 0.001*

General health perception

53.07 ± 18.99

50.92 ± 17.47

0.42*

Surgical treatment

Open discectomy

23 (40.1%)

0 (0.0%)

 

Endoscopic discectomy

34 (59.6%)

0 (0.0%)

 

Non-surgical treatment

Exercise only

0 (0.0%)

8 (11.3%)

 

Medication only

0 (0.0%)

36 (50.7%)

 

Intervention only

0 (0.0%)

3 (4.2%)

 

Exercise + medication

0 (0.0%)

7 (9.9%)

 

Medication + intervention

0 (0.0%)

15 (21.1%)

 

Exercise + medication + intervention

0 (0.0%)

2 (2.8%)

 
  1. BMI body mass index, VAS-B visual analogue scale for back pain, VAS-L visual analogue scale for leg pain, K-ODI Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index, EQ-5D score EuroQol 5-Dimension instrument score, EQ-VAS EuroQol visual analogue scale, SF-36 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.
  2. *Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
  3. †t-test.
  4. ††Chi-square test.
  5. **Fisher exact test.
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