Table 3 Clinical outcomes.

From: Nonsurgical treatment outcomes for surgical candidates with lumbar disc herniation: a comprehensive cohort study

 

Pre-operation

1 month

3 months

6 months

12 months

24 months

p-value‡

K-ODI

Surgery

23.53 ± 7.51

13.06 ± 7.81

10.04 ± 5.81

7.90 ± 5.66

8.07 ± 6.33

6.73 ± 6.99

 < .001

Non-surgery

18.38 ± 7.22

12.20 ± 7.11

12.06 ± 6.75

11.07 ± 5.29

7.19 ± 5.19

6.00 ± 4.64

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI]* (p-value†)

− 0.94 [− 3.00, 1.12] (0.37)

 

VAS-B

Surgery

5.67 ± 2.88

2.43 ± 1.88

2.33 ± 1.56

2.02 ± 1.37

2.24 ± 1.73

2.00 ± 1.73

0.86

Non-surgery

6.10 ± 2.13

3.97 ± 2.17

3.38 ± 2.32

3.10 ± 2.01

2.42 ± 1.67

2.35 ± 1.81

 < .001

Adjusted mean difference [99% CI] (p-value)

 

− 1.31 [− 2.23, − 0.38] (0.002)

− 0.63 [− 1.66, 0.40] (0.57)

− 0.43 [− 1.52, 0.67] (1.00)

0.08 [− 0.92, 1.07] (1.00)

− 0.04 [− 1.03, 0.95] (1.00)

 

VAS-L

Surgery

7.05 ± 2.21

2.75 ± 2.34

2.12 ± 2.01

1.80 ± 1.65

2.28 ± 2.12

1.98 ± 1.80

0.12

Non-surgery

6.27 ± 2.06

3.97 ± 2.24

3.68 ± 2.31

3.20 ± 2.23

2.15 ± 1.97

2.16 ± 2.04

 < .001

Adjusted mean difference [99% CI] (p-value)

 

− 1.34 [− 2.41, − 0.28] (0.01)

− 1.32 [− 2.51, − 0.14] (0.02)

− 1.12 [− 2.38, 0.14] (0.11)

0 [− 1.14, 1.14] (1.00)

− 0.25 [− 1.39, 0.89] (1.00)

 

EQ-5D utility score

Surgery

0.43 ± 0.19

0.73 ± 0.15

0.78 ± 0.08

0.81 ± 0.09

0.81 ± 0.13

0.84 ± 0.12

 < .001

Non-surgery

0.57 ± 0.17

0.73 ± 0.13

0.75 ± 0.15

0.79 ± 0.08

0.82 ± 0.10

0.83 ± 0.10

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

0.00 [− 0.04, 0.04] (0.96)

 

EQ-5D VAS

Surgery

49.02 ± 18.14

71.23 ± 18.45

77.76 ± 15.04

79.95 ± 13.38

79.91 ± 9.30

80.45 ± 11.60

 < .001

Non-surgery

55.28 ± 16.56

67.03 ± 17.87

73.09 ± 15.76

75.83 ± 10.09

80.58 ± 9.90

77.55 ± 11.72

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

3.23 [− 0.73, 7.2] (0.11)

 

SF-36 (VT)

Surgery

36.05 ± 16.22

52.74 ± 16.54

54.59 ± 16.42

55.61 ± 15.42

53.48 ± 17.32

56.70 ± 17.45

1.00

Non-surgery

40.14 ± 16.99

47.77 ± 17.34

50.15 ± 19.67

49.67 ± 21.85

58.13 ± 16.75

57.55 ± 14.23

 < .001

Adjusted mean difference [99% CI] (p-value)

 

7.25 [− 0.73, 15.23] (0.10)

3.43 [− 5.44, 12.31] (1.00)

3.56 [− 5.81, 12.93] (1.00)

− 2.72 [− 11.25, 5.82] (1.00)

− 0.45 [− 8.94, 8.05] (1.00)

 

SF-36 (PF)††

Surgery

30.35 ± 23.75

58.30 ± 27.03

71.33 ± 22.19

75.37 ± 21.08

75.87 ± 23.05

80.80 ± 22.87

 < .001

Non-surgery

47.25 ± 25.87

62.31 ± 24.48

65.29 ± 22.89

68.17 ± 19.23

79.69 ± 17.12

82.25 ± 14.98

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

0.99 [− 6.19, 8.17] (0.79)

 

SF-36 (BP)

Surgery

20.44 ± 17.15

58.77 ± 22.70

68.47 ± 19.69

73.48 ± 22.37

71.79 ± 20.34

73.07 ± 22.21

 < .001

Non-surgery

33.52 ± 16.70

53.08 ± 24.21

61.76 ± 23.25

67.83 ± 19.95

75.73 ± 18.23

76.13 ± 17.19

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

3.13 [− 3.45, 9.71] (0.35)

 

SF-36 (GH)

Surgery

53.07 ± 18.99

61.23 ± 19.19

62.86 ± 20.34

65.37 ± 19.86

58.59 ± 19.37

66.70 ± 17.85

0.04

Non-surgery

50.92 ± 17.47

55.31 ± 17.54

51.03 ± 17.31

58.17 ± 20.40

62.29 ± 18.04

66.08 ± 17.13

 < .001

Adjusted mean difference [99% CI] (p-value)

 

3.93 [− 3.96, 11.82]

(0.99)

8.01 [− 0.73, 16.74] (0.09)

1.15 [− 8.07, 10.38] (1.00)

− 7.08 [− 15.52, 1.35] (0.15)

− 3.01 [− 11.4, 5.38] (1.00)

 

SF-36 (RP)

Surgery

15.35 ± 27.85

39.15 ± 39.38

51.53 ± 40.64

64.02 ± 37.10

60.33 ± 41.69

17.05 ± 28.41

 < .001

Non-surgery

22.89 ± 32.39

39.23 ± 40.26

45.59 ± 41.96

72.50 ± 36.17

59.90 ± 41.17

27.45 ± 35.45

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

2.75 [− 5.56, 11.07] (0.52)

 

SF-36 (RE)

Surgery

38.01 ± 36.43

59.12 ± 44.16

67.35 ± 41.66

73.98 ± 41.17

59.42 ± 48.13

6.06 ± 21.89

 < .001

Non-surgery

48.36 ± 40.15

60.51 ± 42.45

61.76 ± 43.53

86.67 ± 28.50

67.36 ± 45.35

22.22 ± 40.37

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

− 0.80 [− 10.35, 8.75] (0.87)

 

SF-36 (SF)

Surgery

35.75 ± 20.24

58.02 ± 22.61

69.39 ± 21.51

75.61 ± 22.18

74.73 ± 23.35

79.83 ± 22.59

 < .001

Non-surgery

47.18 ± 22.97

58.08 ± 23.53

60.29 ± 22.92

70.83 ± 18.08

79.69 ± 20.08

76.47 ± 19.63

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

2.65 [− 3.89, 9.20] (0.43)

 

SF-36 (MH)

Surgery

49.54 ± 18.19

67.77 ± 17.67

71.84 ± 17.28

75.41 ± 17.74

73.13 ± 17.32

76.18 ± 16.32

 < .001

Non-surgery

56.85 ± 18.13

64.68 ± 15.63

64.59 ± 17.54

67.87 ± 15.84

74.58 ± 12.03

73.88 ± 14.56

 

Adjusted mean difference [95% CI] (p-value)

3.96 [− 0.58, 8.49] (0.09)

 
  1. VAS-B visual analogue scale for back pain, VAS-L visual analogue scale for leg pain, K-ODI Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index, EQ-5D score EuroQol 5-Dimension instrument score, EQ-VAS EuroQol visual analogue scale, SF-36 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.
  2. The results from the linear mixed effects model (*adjusted mean difference between surgery and non-surgery cohort, confidence intervals are represented according to statistical significance; †cohort difference; ‡ time difference).
  3. ††The SF-36 consists of eight sections, including vitality (VT), physical functioning (PF), bodily pain (BP), general health perceptions (GH), physical role functioning (RP), emotional role functioning (RE), social role functioning (SF) and mental health (MH).
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