Figure 1
Nesting cycle of C. nigrolabiata. (a) newly excavated nests—burrow which contains only adult(s) and sometimes fillings. (b) discarded nest—burrow where previous nest was discarded, and there are pollen remnants on the walls (c) active brood nest—nest in phase brood cell provisioning (d) large active brood nest, where egg is present at the top, but young adults already developed at the bottom of nest (f) guarded full brood nest—mother guards this nest (f) plugged full brood nest—nest is unguarded and closed by a thick filling plug (g) orphaned full brood nest—last brood cell partition is thin and above it is commonly pollen from incompletely provisioned brood cell (h) full-mature brood nest—this nest contains juveniles, young adults, and sometimes mother (i) mature brood nest—this nest contains young adults and sometimes mother. All these figures are hypothetical examples, they are not based on concrete dissected nests.
