Table 2 Values of IOS parameters in all breathing phases.

IOS parameters	Healthy	BE	COPD	p value
R5 (kPa/l/s)
Predict value*	0.35 ± 0,09	0.33 ± 0.08	0.32 ± 0.07	–
Total breathing	0.41 ± 0.12	0.50 ± 0.20	0.60 ± 0.13	< 0.001^b
Inspiratory phase	0.35 ± 0.09	0.45 ± 0.17	0.49 ± 0.11	< 0.05^a; ^<0.01^b
Expiratory phase	0.47 ± 0.16	0.53 ± 0.21	0.69 ± 0.17	< 0.001^b; 0.01^c
Δ R5	− 0.11 ± 1.08	− 0.07 ± 2.25	− 0.20 ± 1.20	< 0.01^b; < 0.001^c
R20 (kPa/l/s)
Predict value*	0.33 ± 0.04	0.31 ± 0.05	0.31 ± 0.06	–
Total breathing	0.34 ± 0.08	0.34 ± 0.11	0.41 ± 0.10	ns
Inspiratory phase	0.30 ± 0.07	0.31 ± 0.09	0.37 ± 0.09	< 0.05^b
Expiratory phase	0.37 ± 0.10	0.35 ± 0.13	0.44 ± 0.12	0.05^c
Δ R20	− 0.07 ± 4.82	− 0.03 ± 9.01	− 0.07 ± 5.99	ns
R5 – R20 (kPa/l/s)
Total breathing	0.07 ± 0.06	0.16 ± 0.13	0.20 ± 0.08	0.01^a; < 0.001^b
Inspiratory phase	0.05 ± 0.04	0.14 ± 0.13	0.12 ± 0.06	< 0.01^a; < 0.05^b
Expiratory phase	0.09 ± 0.09	0.18 ± 0.14	0.25 ± 0.10	0.05^a; < 0.001^b
Δ R5–R20	− 0.04 ± 0.08	− 0.03 ± 0.11	− 0.13 ± 0.15	< 0.001^b; 0.0001^c
X5 (kPa/l/s)
Predict value*	− 0.14 ± 0.02	− 0.14 ± 0.03	− 0.14 ± 0.03	–
Total breathing	− 0.11 ± 0.15	− 0.27 ± 0.16	− 0.26 ± 0.11	< 0.01^a,b
Inspiratory phase	− 0.14 ± 0.07	− 0.23 ± 0.11	− 0.21 ± 0.07	< 0.01^a
Expiratory phase	− 0.17 ± 0.14	− 0.30 ± 0.21	− 0.32 ± 0.15	< 0.05^a,b
Δ X5	0.02 ± 0.08	0.06 ± 0.11	0.11 ± 0.15	ns
AX	0.90 ± 1.08	2.40 ± 2.26	2.33 ± 1.20	0.01^a,b
Fres	16.50 ± 4.82	24.50 ± 9.01	24.27 ± 6.00	0.001^a,b

^aDifference between Healthy and BE groups; ^b difference between Healthy and COPD groups;
^cDifference between BE and COPD groups.
R5: total resistance; R20: central resistance; R5–R20: peripheral resistance; X5: reactance; AX: reactance area; Fres: resonance frequency.
Healthy: no pulmonary disease; BE: bronchiectasis; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
p value: Duncan post-hoc test.
Predicted values*: calculated by age corrected, Oostveen et al.¹⁵.

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