Figure 3

Ketamine increased average neurite outgrowth, which was attenuated by P110, whereas neither desflurane nor propofol had any significant impact. Representative fluorescent images of cortical neurons stained for neurofilament at day in vitro 3 (a–j). Quantification of average neurite length relative to control (k–l). Exposure to 4.3 Vol% desflurane did not decrease average neurite lengths, whereas treatment with 10 µM propofol did not significantly affect neurite outgrowth. Treatment with 5 µM ketamine resulted in enhanced growth compared to control. P110 alone did not affect neurite outgrowth wheras P110 pre-treatment mitigated ketamine-induced changes. P110 treatment followed by propofol or desflurane did not differ from control. Two-Way ANOVA. **** p < 0.0001 as determined by pairwise comparison of post-hoc tests. Bars indicate ± SD measured across biological replicates. Each data point indicates the mean average neurite lengths per biological replicate. Scale bars indicate 50 μm.