Figure 5

Propofol and ketamine induce mitochondrial fragmentation and ketamine dramatically increases SO production in primary cortical neurons. Representative cropped fluorescent images showing neurons from each condition which were co-stained with MitoTracker Green FM for mitochondria and the mitochondrial SO indicator MitoSOX Red (A). Quantification of predominant mitochondrial morphology in each treatment. Both propofol and ketamine caused an increase in the proportion of cells exhibiting fragmented mitochondrial networks (B). Quantification of relative SO production (C). Propofol-treated neurons did not significantly differ from control, whereas ketamine more than doubled relative SO production. Quantification of relative SO based on MitoSOX Red signal which colocalized to MitoTracker Green FM (D). Propofol did not significantly impact mitochondrial SO production, while ketamine almost tripled mitochondrial SO production compared to control. One-way or two-way ANOVA. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 as determined by pairwise comparison of post-hoc tests. Bars indicate ± SD across at least biological replicates. Each data-point indicates the either the percentage of cells that exhibited a specific morphology per dish, or the mean SO signal recorded per dish. Scale bars indicate 10 μm.