Table 2 Baseline characteristics of DM patients according to new-onset AF during the follow-up.

Demographics

Age (years)

57.5 ± 11.9

65.6 ± 10.3

< 0.001

 < 50

629,214 (25.4)

5,072 (6.9)

< 0.001

 50–59

740,221 (29.9)

14,217 (19.2)

 60–69

659,278 (26.6)

24,647 (33.3)

 ≥ 70

448,335 (18.1)

30,052 (40.6)

Sex

< 0.647

 Male

1,482,789 (59.9)

44,352 (59.9)

 Female

994,259 (40.1)

29,636 (40.1)

Low-income level

663,009 (26.8)

16,621 (22.5)

< 0.001

Medical history

Hypertension

1,396,079 (56.4)

54,174 (73.2)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia

1,053,295 (42.5)

31,834 (43.0)

< 0.006

Chronic kidney disease

266,663 (10.8)

15,020 (20.3)

< 0.001

Pharmacologic therapy for diabetes

 Insulin

197,338 (8.0)

9,785 (13.2)

< 0.001

 Oral antidiabetics

1,467,936 (59.3)

51,203 (69.2)

< 0.001

Physical exam

BMI (kg/m²)

< 0.001

 < 18.5

38,931 (1.6)

1,407 (1.9)

 18.5–22.9

622,420 (25.1)

18,392 (24.9)

 23–24.9

625,004 (25.2)

17,826 (24.1)

 ≥ 25

1,190,693 (48.1)

36,363 (49.2)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

129.0 ± 15.6

131.2 ± 16.7

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

79.1 ± 10.1

79.1 ± 10.6

0.705

Laboratory findings

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

197.2 ± 42.0

190.5 ± 41.7

< 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

51.4 ± 16.8

51.1 ± 18.4

< 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

111.8 ± 37.7

107.9 ± 37.2

< 0.001

Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m²)

85.4 ± 35.6

78.9 ± 36.2

< 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

144.2 ± 43.6

140.3 ± 44.5

< 0.001

Lifestyle

Smoking

< 0.001

 Non

1,382,957 (55.8)

44,058 (59.6)

 Ex

452,530 (18.3)

14,914 (20.2)

 Current

641,561 (25.9)

15,016 (20.3)

Alcohol consumption

 Non

1,415,519 (55.8)

46,887 (63.4)

 Mild (< 15 g/day)

533,609 (21.5)

13,009 (17.6)

 Moderate (15–29 g/day)

279,172 (11.3)

6,945 (9.4)

 Heavy (≥ 30 g/day)

248,748 (10.0)

7,147 (9.7)

Exercise

 Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity^a

< 0.001

 No

1,289,397 (52.1)

43,433 (58.7)

 Yes

1,187,651 (48.0)

30,555 (41.3)