Figure 1
From: Causal effects in microbiomes using interventional calculus

Left: causal chain, middle: fork or common effect, right: \(v-\)structure; from three variables X, Y, Z.
From: Causal effects in microbiomes using interventional calculus
Left: causal chain, middle: fork or common effect, right: \(v-\)structure; from three variables X, Y, Z.