Table 2 Results of the community survey conducted on May 6–7, 2020 and associations with PCR positivity in Qatar.

From: Characterizing the Qatar advanced-phase SARS-CoV-2 epidemic

Characteristics

Original sample size

SARS-CoV-2 positive*

Univariable regression analysis

Multivariable regression analysis

N (%)

N (%†)

p value

OR (95% CI)‡

p value§

AOR (95% CI)‡

p value

Socio-demographic characteristics

Sex

Females

272 (20.8)

21 (10.6)

0.318

1.00

 

–

–

Males

1,035 (79.2)

135 (15.9)

 

1.59 (0.64–3.97)

0.322

–

–

Age (years)

 < 30

320 (24.5)

41 (13.7)

0.811

1.00

 

–

–

30–39

534 (40.9)

76 (15.9)

 

1.19 (0.64–2.24)

0.582

–

–

40–49

264 (20.2)

28 (17.3)

 

1.32 (0.53–3.30)

0.549

–

–

50 + 

189 (14.5)

11 (10.5)

 

0.74 (0.18–3.07)

0.679

–

–

Nationality

All other nationalities#

255 (19.5)

16 (6.2)

0.019

1.00

 

1.00

 

Indian

531 (40.6)

86 (17.4)

 

3.18 (1.80–5.64)

 < 0.001

2.61 (1.20–5.68)

0.016

Filipino

116 (8.9)

19 (17.4)

 

3.18 (1.53–6.60)

0.002

3.23 (1.28–8.14)

0.013

Sri Lankan

32 (2.5)

10 (33.4)

 

7.56 (2.96–19.32)

 < 0.001

5.76 (1.88–17.63)

0.002

Egyptian

90 (6.9)

7 (8.5)

 

1.40 (0.55–3.60)

0.481

1.80 (0.64–5.04)

0.265

Nepalese

27 (2.1)

6 (24.6)

 

4.92 (1.67–14.53)

0.004

5.21 (1.54–17.55)

0.008

Bangladeshi

14 (1.1)

3 (21.2)

 

4.06 (0.99–16.57)

0.051

1.66 (0.46–6.00)

0.441

Pakistani

23 (1.8)

4 (17.3)

 

3.16 (0.93–10.73)

0.066

2.37 (0.53–10.62)

0.259

Sudanese

20 (1.5)

2 (12.4)

 

2.14 (0.43–10.55)

0.351

2.10 (0.51–8.72)

0.306

Qatari

199 (15.2)

3 (1.9)

 

0.29 (0.08–1.09)

0.068

0.37 (0.10–1.40)

0.141

Educational attainment

Bachelor’s degree

511 (39.1)

52 (10.7)

0.038

1.00

 

1.00

 

High school

440 (33.7)

59 (13.7)

 

1.34 (0.73–2.44)

0.346

1.17 (0.60–2.28)

0.645

Post-graduate studies

118 (9.0)

16 (30.5)

 

3.68 (1.41–9.57)

0.008

5.36 (2.29–12.56)

 < 0.001

Unknown

238 (18.2)

29 (15.1)

 

1.50 (0.70–3.21)

0.299

0.70 (0.21–2.38)

0.571

Occupation**

Healthcare

48 (3.7)

2 (1.8)

0.011

1.00

 

1.00

 

Aviation/Police/Government

57 (4.4)

8 (22.4)

 

15.67 (2.51–97.89)

0.003

18.82 (2.46–144.22)

0.005

Hospitality/Retail/Education

118 (9.0)

6 (3.8)

 

2.16 (0.38–12.14)

0.381

1.51 (0.18–12.39)

0.703

Professional/Office

292 (22.3)

26 (10.2)

 

6.17 (1.28–29.78)

0.024

6.82 (1.10–42.18)

0.039

Transportation/driver

98 (7.5)

17 (28.7)

 

21.82 (3.98–119.60)

 < 0.001

15.04 (2.22–101.73)

0.005

Construction/Blue collar jobs

213 (16.3)

37 (18.4)

 

12.18 (2.41–61.52)

0.003

11.95 (1.98–72.03)

0.007

Not employed

141 (10.8)

16 (9.2)

 

5.46 (1.10–27.05)

0.038

7.06 (0.98–50.66)

0.052

Unknown/Other

340 (26.0)

44 (17.1)

 

11.14 (3.01–93.46)

0.003

16.29 (2.50–106.31)

0.004

Study-related characteristics

Study recruitment/invitation

Invited/sampled

268 (20.5)

17 (10.9)

0.441

1.00

 

–

–

In same car/invited

145 (11.1)

20 (11.6)

 

1.08 (0.37–3.15)

0.894

–

–

Not invited

687 (52.6)

92 (17.3)

 

1.71 (0.63–4.63)

0.292

–

–

Unknown

207 (15.8)

27 (13.7)

 

1.30 (0.44–3.80)

0.636

–

–

Primary Health Care Corporation center

Leabib/Unknown

304 (23.3)

13 (6.5)

0.075

1.00

 

1.00

 

Al-Thumama

567 (43.4)

86 (17.1)

 

2.96 (1.00 -8.80)

0.050

1.38 (0.41–4.65)

0.601

Al-Waab

436 (33.4)

57 (17.5)

 

3.05 (1.05–8.89)

0.041

2.10 (0.64–6.91)

0.222

Clinical characteristics

Presence of symptoms

No symptoms

849 (65.0)

72 (11.6)

 < 0.001

1.00

 

1.00

 

One symptom

139 (10.6)

18 (19.4)

 

1.84 (0.64–5.30)

0.258

1.49 (0.61–3.68)

0.382

Two symptoms

80 (6.1)

19 (19.4)

 

1.84 (0.75–4.47)

0.180

2.28 (0.90–5.79)

0.081

Three or more symptoms

68 (5.2)

24 (50.3)

 

7.73 (2.97–20.08)

 < 0.001

6.04 (2.56–14.24)

 < 0.001

Unknown

171 (13.1)

23 (13.6)

 

1.21 (0.58–2.53)

0.620

1.04 (0.28–3.83)

0.950

Sought medical attention in the past 2 weeks

No

1,125 (86.1)

130 (14.2)

 < 0.001

1.00

 

1.00

 

Yes

11 (0.8)

3 (69.8)

 

14.03 (2.15–91.51)

0.006

9.84 (1.55–62.64)

0.016

Unknown

171 (13.1)

23 (13.6)

 

0.96 (0.48–1.91)

0.900

Omitted

–

Hospitalized in the past 2 weeks

No

1,133 (99.7)

132 (15.1)

0.784

1.00

 

–

–

Yes

3 (0.3)

1 (25.7)

 

1.95 (0.17–22.02)

0.590

–

–

Unknown

171 (13.1)

23 (13.6)

 

0.89 (0.44–1.78)

0.738

–

–

Contact with index case

No

750 (57.4)

82 (15.2)

0.961

1.00

 

–

–

Yes

281 (21.5)

42 (14.9)

 

0.98 (0.54–1.76)

0.943

–

–

Unknown (do not know)

276 (21.1)

32 (14.2)

 

0.93 (0.44–1.94)

0.844

–

–

SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity

Test result

Negative

1,125 (86.1)

–

–

–

–

–

–

Positive

156 (11.9)

156 (14.9)

–

–

–

–

–

Inconclusive

26 (2.0)

–

–

–

–

–

–

  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, PCR polymerase chain reaction.
  2. *Only 1,281 samples with confirmed results were analyzed.
  3. †Row percentages weighted by age and nationality.
  4. ‡Estimates are weighted by age and nationality.
  5. §Covariates with p value ≤ 0.1 in the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable analysis.
  6. Covariates with p value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were considered predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  7. #These include all other nationalities residing in Qatar.
  8. **Occupation categories were grouped together based on epidemiological relevance, that is to factor the frequency of social contacts (such as for the aviation sector and the police) or the effect of social and physical distancing restrictions (such as for hospitality, retail, and education sectors).
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