Table 5 Results of the seroprevalence survey and associations with antibody positivity.

From: Characterizing the Qatar advanced-phase SARS-CoV-2 epidemic

Characteristics

Tested

Seropositive

Univariable regression analysis

Multivariable regression analysis

N (%)

N (%*)

p value

OR* (95% CI)

p value†

AOR* (95% CI)

p value‡

Sex

       

Females

14,366 (43.6)

958 (7.8)

 < 0.001

1.00

 

1.00

 

Males

18,604 (56.4)

4,490 (29.2)

 

4.89 (4.46–5.37)

 < 0.001

2.92 (2.64–3.24)

 < 0.001

Age (years)

       

 < 10

814 (2.5)

40 (5.5)

 < 0.001

1.00

 

1.00

 

10–19

1,222 (3.7)

70 (6.7)

 

1.25 (0.78–1.99)

0.356

1.80 (1.11–2.93)

0.018

20–29

4,738 (14.4)

613 (23.1)

 

5.22 (3.59–7.59)

 < 0.001

3.35 (2.26–4.96)

 < 0.001

30–39

8,437 (25.6)

1,379 (25.3)

 

5.87 (4.06–8.47)

 < 0.001

3.31 (2.25–4.87)

 < 0.001

40–49

7,513 (22.8)

1,582 (30.1)

 

7.47 (5.18–10.79)

 < 0.001

3.82 (2.60–5.61)

 < 0.001

50–59

5,455 (16.5)

1,150 (30.4)

 

7.57 (5.24–10.95)

 < 0.001

4.27 (2.91–6.28)

 < 0.001

60–69

2,982 (9.0)

452 (23.9)

 

5.46 (3.74–7.97)

 < 0.001

3.86 (2.60–5.74)

 < 0.001

70–79

1,254 (3.8)

122 (13.9)

 

2.79 (1.83–4.25)

 < 0.001

3.60 (2.33–5.56)

 < 0.001

80 + 

555 (1.7)

40 (9.8)

 

1.88 (1.13–3.12)

0.015

3.36 (1.97–5.72)

 < 0.001

Nationality

       

All other nationalities§

6,776 (20.6)

479 (7.2)

 < 0.001

1.00

 

1.00

 

Indian

5,553 (16.8)

1,330 (24.3)

 

4.16 (3.64–4.75)

 < 0.001

3.17 (2.76–3.63)

 < 0.001

Bangladeshi

2,284 (6.9)

996 (44.6)

 

10.44 (9.03–12.09)

 < 0.001

6.83 (5.86–7.96)

 < 0.001

Nepalese

1,622 (4.9)

732 (44.1)

 

10.22 (8.76–11.92)

 < 0.001

6.63 (5.65–7.77)

 < 0.001

Pakistani

1,524 (4.6)

412 (23.8)

 

4.04 (3.36–4.85)

 < 0.001

3.91 (3.24–4.73)

 < 0.001

Sudanese

1,123 (3.4)

131 (11.0)

 

1.60 (1.23–2.08)

0.001

1.54 (1.18–2.02)

0.002

Sri Lankan

696 (2.1)

185 (26.5)

 

4.68 (3.74–5.87)

 < 0.001

3.38 (2.70–4.23)

 < 0.001

Egyptian

2,612 (7.9)

306 (11.7)

 

1.72 (1.44–2.07)

 < 0.001

1.54 (1.28–1.85)

 < 0.001

Filipino

2,224 (6.7)

465 (20.3)

 

3.31 (2.81–3.89)

 < 0.001

3.31 (2.80–3.91)

 < 0.001

Qatari

8,556 (26.0)

412 (4.7)

 

0.63 (0.53–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.66 (0.55–0.79)

 < 0.001

Time (antibody testing)

12 May–31 May

937 (2.8)

264 (30.4)

 < 0.001

1.00

 

1.00

 

01 Jun–15 Jun

3,485 (10.6)

793 (30.2)

 

0.99 (0.81–1.21)

0.931

1.34 (1.08–1.67)

0.009

16 Jun–30 Jun

14,954 (45.4)

2,261 (22.6)

 

0.67 (0.56–0.80)

 < 0.001

1.05 (0.86–1.28)

0.651

01 Jul–12 Jul

13,594 (41.2)

2,130 (23.1)

 

0.69 (0.57–0.83)

 < 0.001

1.11 (0.91–1.35)

0.316

  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
  2. *Estimates are weighted by sex, age, and nationality.
  3. †Covariates with p value ≤ 0.1 in the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable analysis.
  4. ‡Covariates with p value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were considered predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 positivity.
  5. §These include all other nationalities residing in Qatar.
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